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Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway
Nitric oxide (NO) is of fundamental importance in regulating immune, cardiovascular, reproductive, neuromuscular, and nervous system function. It is rapidly synthesized and cannot be confined, it is highly reactive, so its lifetime is measured in seconds. These distinctive properties (contrasting wi...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8546346/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34712124 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.759342 |
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author | Kopp-Scheinpflug, Conny Forsythe, Ian D. |
author_facet | Kopp-Scheinpflug, Conny Forsythe, Ian D. |
author_sort | Kopp-Scheinpflug, Conny |
collection | PubMed |
description | Nitric oxide (NO) is of fundamental importance in regulating immune, cardiovascular, reproductive, neuromuscular, and nervous system function. It is rapidly synthesized and cannot be confined, it is highly reactive, so its lifetime is measured in seconds. These distinctive properties (contrasting with classical neurotransmitters and neuromodulators) give rise to the concept of NO as a “volume transmitter,” where it is generated from an active source, diffuses to interact with proteins and receptors within a sphere of influence or volume, but limited in distance and time by its short half-life. In the auditory system, the neuronal NO-synthetizing enzyme, nNOS, is highly expressed and tightly coupled to postsynaptic calcium influx at excitatory synapses. This provides a powerful activity-dependent control of postsynaptic intrinsic excitability via cGMP generation, protein kinase G activation and modulation of voltage-gated conductances. NO may also regulate vesicle mobility via retrograde signaling. This Mini Review focuses on the auditory system, but highlights general mechanisms by which NO mediates neuronal intrinsic plasticity and synaptic transmission. The dependence of NO generation on synaptic and sound-evoked activity has important local modulatory actions and NO serves as a “volume transmitter” in the auditory brainstem. It also has potentially destructive consequences during intense activity or on spill-over from other NO sources during pathological conditions, when aberrant signaling may interfere with the precisely timed and tonotopically organized auditory system. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8546346 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85463462021-10-27 Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway Kopp-Scheinpflug, Conny Forsythe, Ian D. Front Neural Circuits Neural Circuits Nitric oxide (NO) is of fundamental importance in regulating immune, cardiovascular, reproductive, neuromuscular, and nervous system function. It is rapidly synthesized and cannot be confined, it is highly reactive, so its lifetime is measured in seconds. These distinctive properties (contrasting with classical neurotransmitters and neuromodulators) give rise to the concept of NO as a “volume transmitter,” where it is generated from an active source, diffuses to interact with proteins and receptors within a sphere of influence or volume, but limited in distance and time by its short half-life. In the auditory system, the neuronal NO-synthetizing enzyme, nNOS, is highly expressed and tightly coupled to postsynaptic calcium influx at excitatory synapses. This provides a powerful activity-dependent control of postsynaptic intrinsic excitability via cGMP generation, protein kinase G activation and modulation of voltage-gated conductances. NO may also regulate vesicle mobility via retrograde signaling. This Mini Review focuses on the auditory system, but highlights general mechanisms by which NO mediates neuronal intrinsic plasticity and synaptic transmission. The dependence of NO generation on synaptic and sound-evoked activity has important local modulatory actions and NO serves as a “volume transmitter” in the auditory brainstem. It also has potentially destructive consequences during intense activity or on spill-over from other NO sources during pathological conditions, when aberrant signaling may interfere with the precisely timed and tonotopically organized auditory system. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8546346/ /pubmed/34712124 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.759342 Text en Copyright © 2021 Kopp-Scheinpflug and Forsythe. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neural Circuits Kopp-Scheinpflug, Conny Forsythe, Ian D. Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway |
title | Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway |
title_full | Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway |
title_fullStr | Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway |
title_full_unstemmed | Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway |
title_short | Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Auditory Pathway |
title_sort | nitric oxide signaling in the auditory pathway |
topic | Neural Circuits |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8546346/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34712124 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.759342 |
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