Histomorphological Spectrum of Cervical Lesions in a Rural Hospital

Background Pathologically the cervix is affected by infective, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Non‑neoplastic lesions of the cervix are seen often in sexually active women. Inflammatory lesions include chronic granulomatous cervicitis, acute and chronic cervicitis. In India, cervical cancer is a significant health problem. Many factors contribute to the differences in the spectrum of cervical diseases in the rural population compared to urban areas, but the studies in these populations are scarce. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis of all gynecological lesions over one year was studied. All case files were manually extracted, and the data was entered in an Excel sheet. The information included was clinical history (symptoms, signs, menstrual history, duration of illness, parity status), physical examination, per vaginal examination, investigations, including pathological diagnosis. The curated data was then analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results There were 164 women in the study, with a mean age of 46.07 ± 8.17 years. A majority (n = 124, 75.6%) presented with excessive bleeding. Two-thirds of the study population had a normal cervix on examination. Twenty-seven women had squamous metaplasia, six had low-grade (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and one had malignancy. Excessive bleeding was significantly associated only with LSIL. Among the microscopic findings, only squamous metaplasia (p < 0.001) and dysplasia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with the final diagnoses, such as LSIL, HSIL, and chronic cervicitis. Conclusion Most studies involving rural populations have involved the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the study cohort rather than the histomorphological spectrum of cervical lesions. Since these disorders are also influenced by education, parity, hygiene, and socioeconomic status, it behooves us to be aware of the spectrum of cervical lesions in a rural cohort who differ in these aspects when compared to urban populations. Most of such lesions of the cervix in the population that our medical institution served were benign in nature.