Determination of Blood Calcium and Lead Concentrations in Osteoporotic and Osteopenic Patients in Pakistan

[Image: see text] Osteoporosis is the leading cause of deformity and bones fracture all over the world and has some relationship with the blood concentrations of calcium and lead. Therefore, in the current study, the blood samples of 58 control and 56 clinically diagnosed osteoporotic and osteopenic patients were taken from different hospitals in Pakistan and analyzed for calcium and lead concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry. In female control samples, the mean calcium value was found to be 98.53 ± 4.81 μg/mL, and in male control samples, the mean blood calcium level was found to be 121.33 ± 7.27 μg/mL. In female control samples, the mean lead value was found to be 0.133 ± 0.005 μg/mL, and in male control samples, the mean lead level was found to be 0.183 ± 0.008 μg/mL. All the male and female control samples showed a mean value of calcium of 115.63 ± 5.2 μg/mL and a mean value of lead of 0.153 ± 0.007 μg/mL. In osteoporotic female patients, the decline in the mean calcium value was found to be 34.93 ± 1.9 μg/mL, and in male patients, the decrease in the mean calcium level was found to be 47.73 ± 2.5 μg/mL. The increase in the mean value of lead in osteoporotic females was 4.13 ± 0.22 μg/mL, whereas in male patients, the increase in the mean lead value was 0.95 ± 0.07 μg/mL. All the male and female patients showed a decrease in the mean value of calcium of 41.43 ± 2.2 μg/mL and an increase in the mean value of Pb of 3.63 ± 0.16 μg/mL.