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Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race

Endurance exercise induces an increase in the expression of exercise-induced peptides that participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscles. The present study aimed to evaluate the time course and role of exercise-induced cytokines in muscle damage and repair after a marathon race. Fif...

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Autores principales: de Sousa, Cesar Augustus Zocoler, Sierra, Ana Paula Renno, Martínez Galán, Bryan Steve, Maciel, Jaqueline Fernanda de Sousa, Manoel, Richelieau, Barbeiro, Hermes Vieira, de Souza, Heraldo Possolo, Cury-Boaventura, Maria Fernanda
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8554198/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34721075
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.752144
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author de Sousa, Cesar Augustus Zocoler
Sierra, Ana Paula Renno
Martínez Galán, Bryan Steve
Maciel, Jaqueline Fernanda de Sousa
Manoel, Richelieau
Barbeiro, Hermes Vieira
de Souza, Heraldo Possolo
Cury-Boaventura, Maria Fernanda
author_facet de Sousa, Cesar Augustus Zocoler
Sierra, Ana Paula Renno
Martínez Galán, Bryan Steve
Maciel, Jaqueline Fernanda de Sousa
Manoel, Richelieau
Barbeiro, Hermes Vieira
de Souza, Heraldo Possolo
Cury-Boaventura, Maria Fernanda
author_sort de Sousa, Cesar Augustus Zocoler
collection PubMed
description Endurance exercise induces an increase in the expression of exercise-induced peptides that participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscles. The present study aimed to evaluate the time course and role of exercise-induced cytokines in muscle damage and repair after a marathon race. Fifty-seven Brazilian male amateur marathon finishers, aged 30–55 years, participated in this study. The blood samples were collected 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 h after the São Paulo International Marathon. The leukogram and muscle damage markers were analyzed using routine automated methodology in the clinical laboratory. The plasma levels of the exercise-induced cytokines were determined using the Human Magnetic Bead Panel or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [decorin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15)]. A muscle damage was characterized by an increase in plasma myocellular proteins and immune changes (leukocytosis and neutrophilia). Running the marathon increased interleukin (IL)-6 (4-fold), IL-8 (1.5-fold), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (2.4-fold), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold), IL-10 (11-fold), decorin (1.9-fold), GDF-15 (1.8-fold), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (2.7-fold), follistatin (2-fold), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-21) (3.4-fold) plasma levels. We also observed a reduction in musclin, myostatin, IL-15, and apelin levels immediately after the race (by 22–36%), 24 h (by 26–52%), and 72 h after the race (by 25–53%). The changes in BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the variations in troponin levels (r = −0.36). The variations in IL-6 concentrations were correlated with the changes in follistatin (r = 0.33) and FGF-21 (r = 0.31) levels after the race and with myostatin and irisin levels 72 h after the race. The changes in IL-8 and IL-10 levels had positive correlation with variation in musclin (p < 0.05). Regeneration of exercise-induced muscle damage involves the participation of classical inflammatory mediators, as well as GDF-15, BDNF, follistatin, decorin, and FGF-21, whose functions include myogenesis, mytophagia, satellite cell activation, and downregulation of protein degradation. The skeletal muscle damage markers were not associated to myokines response. However, BDNF had a negative correlation with a myocardial damage marker. The classical anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6) induced by exercise are associated to myokines response immediately after the race and in the recovery period and may affect the dynamics of muscle tissue repair.
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spelling pubmed-85541982021-10-30 Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race de Sousa, Cesar Augustus Zocoler Sierra, Ana Paula Renno Martínez Galán, Bryan Steve Maciel, Jaqueline Fernanda de Sousa Manoel, Richelieau Barbeiro, Hermes Vieira de Souza, Heraldo Possolo Cury-Boaventura, Maria Fernanda Front Physiol Physiology Endurance exercise induces an increase in the expression of exercise-induced peptides that participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscles. The present study aimed to evaluate the time course and role of exercise-induced cytokines in muscle damage and repair after a marathon race. Fifty-seven Brazilian male amateur marathon finishers, aged 30–55 years, participated in this study. The blood samples were collected 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 h after the São Paulo International Marathon. The leukogram and muscle damage markers were analyzed using routine automated methodology in the clinical laboratory. The plasma levels of the exercise-induced cytokines were determined using the Human Magnetic Bead Panel or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [decorin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15)]. A muscle damage was characterized by an increase in plasma myocellular proteins and immune changes (leukocytosis and neutrophilia). Running the marathon increased interleukin (IL)-6 (4-fold), IL-8 (1.5-fold), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (2.4-fold), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold), IL-10 (11-fold), decorin (1.9-fold), GDF-15 (1.8-fold), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (2.7-fold), follistatin (2-fold), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-21) (3.4-fold) plasma levels. We also observed a reduction in musclin, myostatin, IL-15, and apelin levels immediately after the race (by 22–36%), 24 h (by 26–52%), and 72 h after the race (by 25–53%). The changes in BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the variations in troponin levels (r = −0.36). The variations in IL-6 concentrations were correlated with the changes in follistatin (r = 0.33) and FGF-21 (r = 0.31) levels after the race and with myostatin and irisin levels 72 h after the race. The changes in IL-8 and IL-10 levels had positive correlation with variation in musclin (p < 0.05). Regeneration of exercise-induced muscle damage involves the participation of classical inflammatory mediators, as well as GDF-15, BDNF, follistatin, decorin, and FGF-21, whose functions include myogenesis, mytophagia, satellite cell activation, and downregulation of protein degradation. The skeletal muscle damage markers were not associated to myokines response. However, BDNF had a negative correlation with a myocardial damage marker. The classical anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6) induced by exercise are associated to myokines response immediately after the race and in the recovery period and may affect the dynamics of muscle tissue repair. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8554198/ /pubmed/34721075 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.752144 Text en Copyright © 2021 de Sousa, Sierra, Martínez Galán, Maciel, Manoel, Barbeiro, Souza and Cury-Boaventura. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Physiology
de Sousa, Cesar Augustus Zocoler
Sierra, Ana Paula Renno
Martínez Galán, Bryan Steve
Maciel, Jaqueline Fernanda de Sousa
Manoel, Richelieau
Barbeiro, Hermes Vieira
de Souza, Heraldo Possolo
Cury-Boaventura, Maria Fernanda
Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race
title Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race
title_full Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race
title_fullStr Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race
title_full_unstemmed Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race
title_short Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race
title_sort time course and role of exercise-induced cytokines in muscle damage and repair after a marathon race
topic Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8554198/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34721075
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.752144
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