A Cross-Sectional Study for Prevalence and Association of Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among People With Type 2 Diabetes in the Indian Setting

Introduction: Current evidence demonstrates that people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) with greater morbidity and mortality. We, therefore, aimed to document and categorize demographic, anthropometric, and physiological risk factors of CKD in people with T2D in India. Additionally, we also attempted to evaluate the magnitude of each risk factor, namely age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, and body mass index (BMI) in its etiology. Methods: This observational, single-center, and cross-sectional study was performed at a diabetes care center in Lucknow, India. Out of a total of 504 eligible patients, we could get the required data from 435 patients. The following data were collected: demographic data, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine, urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR), and HbA1c levels. Appropriate statistical tests were applied. Result: The 435 eligible people with diabetes had a mean age (SD) of 51 (±10.52) years; female 48.02%, duration of diabetes 7 (±5.4) years; HbA1c 8.6 (±2.3)% and eGFR values 80.2 (±26.6) mL/min/1.73m(2) at the time of presentation. The eGFR values correlated negatively with age and duration of diabetes, and positively with increasing BMI. The Spearman correlation coefficient showed that clinical parameters such as age, duration of diabetes, and BMI have a weak, but statistically significant correlation with eGFR while eGFR did not correlate with HbA1c level in the study. Further, we did not find a correlation between eGFR and UACR. Conclusion: In people with T2D, age and duration of diabetes are important risk factors for the development of CKD based on the eGFR. Hence, even in the absence of high UACR values, a low eGFR should prompt periodic monitoring to reduce the risk of progression of CKD, especially, in older people with long-standing T2D. Our study did not find HbA1c as a suitable tool to assess the CKD progression risk, but historical glycaemic control over longer periods revealed by sequential values of HbA1c over the duration of disease may correlate with the progression of CKD.