Understanding crown shyness from a 3-D perspective

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Crown shyness describes the phenomenon whereby tree crowns avoid growing into each other, producing a puzzle-like pattern of complementary tree crowns in the canopy. Previous studies found that tree slenderness plays a role in the development of crown shyness. Attempts to quantify crown shyness have largely been confined to 2-D approaches. This study aimed to expand the current set of metrics for crown shyness by quantifying the characteristic of 3-D surface complementarity between trees displaying crown shyness, using LiDAR-derived tree point clouds. Subsequently, the relationship between crown surface complementarity and slenderness of trees was assessed. METHODS: Fourteen trees were scanned using a laser scanning device. Individual tree points clouds were extracted semi-automatically and manually corrected where needed. A metric that quantifies the surface complementarity (S(c)) of a pair of protein molecules is applied to point clouds of pairs of adjacent trees. Then 3-D tree crown surfaces were generated from point clouds by computing their α shapes. KEY RESULTS: Tree pairs that were visually determined to have overlapping crowns scored significantly lower S(c) values than pairs that did not overlap (n = 14, P < 0.01). Furthermore, average slenderness of pairs of trees correlated positively with their S(c) score (R(2) = 0.484, P < 0.01), showing agreement with previous studies on crown shyness. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic of crown surface complementarity present in trees displaying crown shyness was succesfully quantified using a 3-D surface complementarity metric adopted from molecular biology. Crown surface complementarity showed a positive relationship to tree slenderness, similar to other metrics used for measuring crown shyness. The 3-D metric developed in this study revealed how trees adapt the shape of their crowns to those of adjacent trees and how this is linked to the slenderness of the trees.