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Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes
The life-cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) includes three distinct phases of the viral genome replication. First, the viral genome is amplified in the infected cells, and this amplification is often accompanied by the oligomerization of the viral genomes. Second stage includes the replication o...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558456/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34733254 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.738125 |
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author | Liblekas, Lisett Piirsoo, Alla Laanemets, Annika Tombak, Eva-Maria Laaneväli, Airiin Ustav, Ene Ustav, Mart Piirsoo, Marko |
author_facet | Liblekas, Lisett Piirsoo, Alla Laanemets, Annika Tombak, Eva-Maria Laaneväli, Airiin Ustav, Ene Ustav, Mart Piirsoo, Marko |
author_sort | Liblekas, Lisett |
collection | PubMed |
description | The life-cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) includes three distinct phases of the viral genome replication. First, the viral genome is amplified in the infected cells, and this amplification is often accompanied by the oligomerization of the viral genomes. Second stage includes the replication of viral genomes in concert with the host cell genome. The viral genome is further amplified during the third stage of the viral-life cycle, which takes place only in the differentiated keratinocytes. We have previously shown that the HPV18 genomes utilize at least two distinct replication mechanisms during the initial amplification. One of these mechanisms is a well-described bidirectional replication via theta type of replication intermediates. The nature of another replication mechanism utilized by HPV18 involves most likely recombination-dependent replication. In this paper, we show that the usage of different replication mechanisms is a property shared also by other HPV types, namely HPV11 and HPV5. We further show that the emergence of the recombination dependent replication coincides with the oligomerization of the viral genomes and is dependent on the replicative DNA polymerases. We also show that the oligomeric genomes of HPV18 replicate almost exclusively using recombination dependent mechanism, whereas monomeric HPV31 genomes replicate bi-directionally during the maintenance phase of the viral life-cycle. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8558456 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85584562021-11-02 Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes Liblekas, Lisett Piirsoo, Alla Laanemets, Annika Tombak, Eva-Maria Laaneväli, Airiin Ustav, Ene Ustav, Mart Piirsoo, Marko Front Microbiol Microbiology The life-cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) includes three distinct phases of the viral genome replication. First, the viral genome is amplified in the infected cells, and this amplification is often accompanied by the oligomerization of the viral genomes. Second stage includes the replication of viral genomes in concert with the host cell genome. The viral genome is further amplified during the third stage of the viral-life cycle, which takes place only in the differentiated keratinocytes. We have previously shown that the HPV18 genomes utilize at least two distinct replication mechanisms during the initial amplification. One of these mechanisms is a well-described bidirectional replication via theta type of replication intermediates. The nature of another replication mechanism utilized by HPV18 involves most likely recombination-dependent replication. In this paper, we show that the usage of different replication mechanisms is a property shared also by other HPV types, namely HPV11 and HPV5. We further show that the emergence of the recombination dependent replication coincides with the oligomerization of the viral genomes and is dependent on the replicative DNA polymerases. We also show that the oligomeric genomes of HPV18 replicate almost exclusively using recombination dependent mechanism, whereas monomeric HPV31 genomes replicate bi-directionally during the maintenance phase of the viral life-cycle. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8558456/ /pubmed/34733254 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.738125 Text en Copyright © 2021 Liblekas, Piirsoo, Laanemets, Tombak, Laaneväli, Ustav, Ustav and Piirsoo. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Liblekas, Lisett Piirsoo, Alla Laanemets, Annika Tombak, Eva-Maria Laaneväli, Airiin Ustav, Ene Ustav, Mart Piirsoo, Marko Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes |
title | Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes |
title_full | Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes |
title_fullStr | Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes |
title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes |
title_short | Analysis of the Replication Mechanisms of the Human Papillomavirus Genomes |
title_sort | analysis of the replication mechanisms of the human papillomavirus genomes |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558456/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34733254 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.738125 |
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