Acute effects of cardiac contractility modulation on human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes

Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) is an intracardiac therapy whereby nonexcitatory electrical simulations are delivered during the absolute refractory period of the cardiac cycle. We previously evaluated the effects of CCM in isolated adult rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes and found a transient increase in calcium and contractility. In the present study, we sought to extend these results to human cardiomyocytes using human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) to develop a robust model to evaluate CCM in vitro. HiPSC‐CMs (iCell Cardiomyocytes(2), Fujifilm Cellular Dynamic, Inc.) were studied in monolayer format plated on flexible substrate. Contractility, calcium handling, and electrophysiology were evaluated by fluorescence‐ and video‐based analysis (CellOPTIQ, Clyde Biosciences). CCM pulses were applied using an A‐M Systems 4100 pulse generator. Robust hiPSC‐CMs response was observed at 14 V/cm (64 mA) for pacing and 28 V/cm (128 mA, phase amplitude) for CCM. Under these conditions, hiPSC‐CMs displayed enhanced contractile properties including increased contraction amplitude and faster contraction kinetics. Likewise, calcium transient amplitude increased, and calcium kinetics were faster. Furthermore, electrophysiological properties were altered resulting in shortened action potential duration (APD). The observed effects subsided when the CCM stimulation was stopped. CCM‐induced increase in hiPSC‐CMs contractility was significantly more pronounced when extracellular calcium concentration was lowered from 2 mM to 0.5 mM. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of CCM effects on hiPSC‐CMs. These data represent the first study of CCM in hiPSC‐CMs and provide an in vitro model to assess physiologically relevant mechanisms and evaluate safety and effectiveness of future cardiac electrophysiology medical devices.