Seed germination with titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhances water supply, reserve mobilization, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in pea

The nanoparticle has been reported to have severe effects and metabolic disorders in crops. Analysis of poisoning exposure to titanium dioxide is very important during the seed germination stage. Measuring the levels of water supply, reserve mobilization and redox metabolism with germination success is a prerequisite for understanding the TiO(2) stress mechanism. These measurements are carried out using different methods, including germination tests, determination of growth parameters, analysis of reserve mobilization processes and redox activities under different stress conditions. The significant effects (P < 0.05) of TiO(2) on seed germination were determined by analysis of variance (2 ways-ANOVA). We considered the effect of TiO(2) dose (0 and 50 mg/L) and time of exposure (1,2,3,4 and 5 days). The results showed that TiO(2) treatment significantly affected the germination rate (GR), the mean daily germination (MDG), the tissues dry weights, water supply, solute leakage, and induced oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities. Oxidative and metabolic disturbances are among the major causes of the successful germination of pea seeds.