Mitigation potential of global ammonia emissions and related health impacts in the trade network

Ammonia (NH(3)) emissions, mainly from agricultural sources, generate substantial health damage due to the adverse effects on air quality. NH(3) emission reduction strategies are still far from being effective. In particular, a growing trade network in this era of globalization offers untapped emission mitigation potential that has been overlooked. Here we show that about one-fourth of global agricultural NH(3) emissions in 2012 are trade-related. Globally they induce 61 thousand PM(2.5)-related premature mortalities, with 25 thousand deaths associated with crop cultivation and 36 thousand deaths with livestock production. The trade-related health damage network is regionally integrated and can be characterized by three trading communities. Thus, effective cooperation within trade-dependent communities will achieve considerable NH(3) emission reductions allowed by technological advancements and trade structure adjustments. Identification of regional communities from network analysis offers a new perspective on addressing NH(3) emissions and is also applicable to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions mitigation.