Detection of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease by Medical Checkup at an Early Stage

Introduction: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited renal disease. Although abdominal echography during medical checkup may be effective for the early detection of ADPKD, there are no reports of the early detection of ADPKD during medical checkup. We investigated whether there was a difference in renal function and total kidney volume (TKV) at the time of diagnosis due to differences in diagnostic triggers for ADPKD. Methods: A total of 34 patients diagnosed with ADPKD between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2020, at the Department of Nephrology, Shimane University Hospital, were included. The triggers for diagnosis of the renal cyst(s) were usually unintentional findings. These included findings observed upon routine medical checkups, computed tomography, or abdominal echography during examination for other diseases (incidental detection group) and cases referred to our department for renal dysfunction (renal dysfunction group), and “other” group. We compared the renal dysfunction group and the incidental detection group. Results: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at diagnosis was significantly higher in the incidental detection group. The TKV was significantly lower in the incidental detection group than in the other group. The number of patients with eGFR > 45 mL/min/1.73 m(2), for which tolvaptan was safe and effective, was significantly higher in the incidental detection group than in the renal dysfunction group. Conclusion: Our study shows that medical checkup enables early detection of ADPKD. This is important because ADPKD may have serious complications. The present study did not examine the age at which abdominal echography screening for the early detection of ADPKD was more useful or cost-effective; thus, further research is needed to ascertain this.