Analysis of the efficacy and prognostic factors of PD-1 inhibitors in advanced gallbladder cancer

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is highly malignant, its early diagnosis is difficult, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 5%. For patients with advanced GBC (GBCa), combined chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are needed to improve the overall survival (OS) rate of patients. METHODS: Data were collected from 53 patients with GBCa who had volunteered to receive programmed death protein-1 (PD-1)-based treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from February 2018 to February 2021. Statistical analysis of the collected data, including Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, Cox proportional hazard regression model and other methods. RESULTS: The objective response rates (ORRs) and disease control rates (DCRs) of 53 participants 3 months after receiving immunotherapy were 30.2% and 79.2%, respectively. The ORRs and DCRs of the combined treatment group were higher than those of the camrelizumab group (CG) (P<0.05). The DCRs of the camrelizumab plus apatinib group (CAG) at 3 and 6 months were 90.9% and 45.5% (P=0.003), respectively, while the DCRs at 3 and 6 months of the camrelizumab plus chemotherapy group (CCG) were 85.7% and 71.4% (P=0.450), respectively. After treatment, there were statistically significant differences before and after CA199 for each group (P<0.05). The median progression-free survival (mPFS) of the 53 participants was 7 months, and the median overall survival (mOS) was 12 months. The mPFS and mOS of the CAG and the CCG were greater than those in the CG (6 vs. 3 months, P<0.001, 12 vs. 8 months, P=0.019; 9 vs. 3 months, P<0.001, 13 vs. 8 months, P<0.001, respectively). A total of 16 cases had grade 1 or 2 adverse events, and 3 cases had grade 3 and higher adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: For GBCa patients, PD-1 combined with targeted therapy or chemotherapy is more effective than immunotherapy alone. The targeted therapy group has more obvious early effects on the disease control rate, and combined chemotherapy can achieve sustained effects, providing new ideas for the future GBCa application of immune, targeted, and chemotherapy sequential therapy.