Is Allogeneic Transplantation an Option in Patients Affected by Concurrent Myelofibrosis and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?

Classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms is based on hematologic, histopathologic, and molecular characteristics, including the BCR-ABL1 and JAK2 V617F or MPL and CALR. Although the different gene mutations ought to be mutually exclusive, several cases with co-occurring BCR-ABL1 and JAK2 V617F or CALR have been identified with a frequency of 0.2–2.5% in the European population. The tyrosine kinase abnormalities appeared to affect independent subclones because imatinib mesylate (IM) treatment induced Ph+-CML remission, whereas the JAK2V617F clone either persisted or clinically expanded after a major response of Ph+-clone. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is at present the only potentially curative therapy for these patients after therapy with ruxolitinib and TKI inhibitor. We describe the case of 3 young people treated in our institution for the coexistence of BCR/ABL chronic myeloid leukemia and another Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph−) Chronic myeloproliferative disease. They received ruxolitinib, imatinib/nilotinib, and allogeneic transplantation with safe and efficient results.