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The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation

The vaginal microbiome composition in humans is categorized based upon the degree to which one of four species of Lactobacillus is dominant (Lactobacillus crispatus, community state type I [CST I], Lactobacillus gasseri, CST II, Lactobacillus iners, CST III, and Lactobacillus jensenii, CST V). Women...

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Autores principales: Langner, Charlotte A., Ortiz, Alexandra M., Flynn, Jacob K., Kendall, Heather, Lagenaur, Laurel A., Brenchley, Jason M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Society for Microbiology 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8579922/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756073
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.01074-21
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author Langner, Charlotte A.
Ortiz, Alexandra M.
Flynn, Jacob K.
Kendall, Heather
Lagenaur, Laurel A.
Brenchley, Jason M.
author_facet Langner, Charlotte A.
Ortiz, Alexandra M.
Flynn, Jacob K.
Kendall, Heather
Lagenaur, Laurel A.
Brenchley, Jason M.
author_sort Langner, Charlotte A.
collection PubMed
description The vaginal microbiome composition in humans is categorized based upon the degree to which one of four species of Lactobacillus is dominant (Lactobacillus crispatus, community state type I [CST I], Lactobacillus gasseri, CST II, Lactobacillus iners, CST III, and Lactobacillus jensenii, CST V). Women with a vaginal microbiome not dominated by one of the four Lactobacillus species tend to have a more diverse microbiome, CST IV. CSTs I, II, III, and V are common in North America and Europe and are associated with lower incidences of some pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Gardnerella vaginalis. As a result, therapeutic interventions to change the composition of the vaginal microbiomes are under development. However, Homo sapiens is the only mammalian species which has high frequencies of Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiomes. Here, we treated female nonhuman primates (NHPs) with regimens of metronidazole and high levels of L. crispatus to determine how well these animals could be colonized with L. crispatus, how this influenced the immunological milieu, and how Lactobacillus treatment influenced or was influenced by the endogenous vaginal microbiome. We find that NHPs can transiently be colonized with L. crispatus, that beta diversity and not the number of doses of L. crispatus or pretreatment with metronidazole predicts subsequent L. crispatus colonization, that L. crispatus does not alter the local immunological milieu, and that the vaginal microbiome composition was resilient, normalizing by 4 weeks after our manipulations. Overall, this study suggests these animals are not amenable to long-term L. crispatus colonization. IMPORTANCE NHPs have proven to be invaluable animal models for the study of many human infectious diseases. The use of NHPs to study the effect of the microbiome on disease transmission and susceptibility is limited due to differences between the native microbiomes of humans and NHPs. In particular, Lactobacillus dominance of the vaginal microbiome is unique to humans and remains an important risk factor in reproductive health. By assessing the extent to which NHPs can be colonized with exogenously applied L. crispatus to resemble a human vaginal microbiome and examining the effects on the vaginal microenvironment, we highlight the utility of NHPs in analysis of vaginal microbiome manipulations in the context of human disease.
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spelling pubmed-85799222021-11-12 The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation Langner, Charlotte A. Ortiz, Alexandra M. Flynn, Jacob K. Kendall, Heather Lagenaur, Laurel A. Brenchley, Jason M. Microbiol Spectr Research Article The vaginal microbiome composition in humans is categorized based upon the degree to which one of four species of Lactobacillus is dominant (Lactobacillus crispatus, community state type I [CST I], Lactobacillus gasseri, CST II, Lactobacillus iners, CST III, and Lactobacillus jensenii, CST V). Women with a vaginal microbiome not dominated by one of the four Lactobacillus species tend to have a more diverse microbiome, CST IV. CSTs I, II, III, and V are common in North America and Europe and are associated with lower incidences of some pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and Gardnerella vaginalis. As a result, therapeutic interventions to change the composition of the vaginal microbiomes are under development. However, Homo sapiens is the only mammalian species which has high frequencies of Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiomes. Here, we treated female nonhuman primates (NHPs) with regimens of metronidazole and high levels of L. crispatus to determine how well these animals could be colonized with L. crispatus, how this influenced the immunological milieu, and how Lactobacillus treatment influenced or was influenced by the endogenous vaginal microbiome. We find that NHPs can transiently be colonized with L. crispatus, that beta diversity and not the number of doses of L. crispatus or pretreatment with metronidazole predicts subsequent L. crispatus colonization, that L. crispatus does not alter the local immunological milieu, and that the vaginal microbiome composition was resilient, normalizing by 4 weeks after our manipulations. Overall, this study suggests these animals are not amenable to long-term L. crispatus colonization. IMPORTANCE NHPs have proven to be invaluable animal models for the study of many human infectious diseases. The use of NHPs to study the effect of the microbiome on disease transmission and susceptibility is limited due to differences between the native microbiomes of humans and NHPs. In particular, Lactobacillus dominance of the vaginal microbiome is unique to humans and remains an important risk factor in reproductive health. By assessing the extent to which NHPs can be colonized with exogenously applied L. crispatus to resemble a human vaginal microbiome and examining the effects on the vaginal microenvironment, we highlight the utility of NHPs in analysis of vaginal microbiome manipulations in the context of human disease. American Society for Microbiology 2021-11-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8579922/ /pubmed/34756073 http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.01074-21 Text en https://doi.org/10.1128/AuthorWarrantyLicense.v1This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.
spellingShingle Research Article
Langner, Charlotte A.
Ortiz, Alexandra M.
Flynn, Jacob K.
Kendall, Heather
Lagenaur, Laurel A.
Brenchley, Jason M.
The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation
title The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation
title_full The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation
title_fullStr The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation
title_full_unstemmed The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation
title_short The Vaginal Microbiome of Nonhuman Primates Can Be Only Transiently Altered to Become Lactobacillus Dominant without Reducing Inflammation
title_sort vaginal microbiome of nonhuman primates can be only transiently altered to become lactobacillus dominant without reducing inflammation
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8579922/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756073
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.01074-21
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