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Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases
Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a v...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8582668/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34769523 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111003 |
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author | Ahmed, Naveed Arshad, Sohaib Basheer, Syed Nahid Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali Marya, Anand Marya, Charu Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Messina, Pietro Yean, Chan Yean Scardina, Giuseppe Alessandro |
author_facet | Ahmed, Naveed Arshad, Sohaib Basheer, Syed Nahid Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali Marya, Anand Marya, Charu Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Messina, Pietro Yean, Chan Yean Scardina, Giuseppe Alessandro |
author_sort | Ahmed, Naveed |
collection | PubMed |
description | Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8582668 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85826682021-11-12 Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases Ahmed, Naveed Arshad, Sohaib Basheer, Syed Nahid Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali Marya, Anand Marya, Charu Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Messina, Pietro Yean, Chan Yean Scardina, Giuseppe Alessandro Int J Environ Res Public Health Review Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc. MDPI 2021-10-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8582668/ /pubmed/34769523 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111003 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Ahmed, Naveed Arshad, Sohaib Basheer, Syed Nahid Karobari, Mohmed Isaqali Marya, Anand Marya, Charu Mohan Taneja, Pratibha Messina, Pietro Yean, Chan Yean Scardina, Giuseppe Alessandro Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases |
title | Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases |
title_full | Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases |
title_fullStr | Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases |
title_full_unstemmed | Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases |
title_short | Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases |
title_sort | smoking a dangerous addiction: a systematic review on an underrated risk factor for oral diseases |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8582668/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34769523 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111003 |
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