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Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-bas...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8582694/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34769574 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111055 |
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author | Zhang, Ling Ou, Changjin Magana-Arachchi, Dhammika Vithanage, Meththika Vanka, Kanth Swaroop Palanisami, Thava Masakorala, Kanaji Wijesekara, Hasintha Yan, Yubo Bolan, Nanthi Kirkham, M. B. |
author_facet | Zhang, Ling Ou, Changjin Magana-Arachchi, Dhammika Vithanage, Meththika Vanka, Kanth Swaroop Palanisami, Thava Masakorala, Kanaji Wijesekara, Hasintha Yan, Yubo Bolan, Nanthi Kirkham, M. B. |
author_sort | Zhang, Ling |
collection | PubMed |
description | Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8582694 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85826942021-11-12 Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation Zhang, Ling Ou, Changjin Magana-Arachchi, Dhammika Vithanage, Meththika Vanka, Kanth Swaroop Palanisami, Thava Masakorala, Kanaji Wijesekara, Hasintha Yan, Yubo Bolan, Nanthi Kirkham, M. B. Int J Environ Res Public Health Review Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed. MDPI 2021-10-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8582694/ /pubmed/34769574 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111055 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Zhang, Ling Ou, Changjin Magana-Arachchi, Dhammika Vithanage, Meththika Vanka, Kanth Swaroop Palanisami, Thava Masakorala, Kanaji Wijesekara, Hasintha Yan, Yubo Bolan, Nanthi Kirkham, M. B. Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation |
title | Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation |
title_full | Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation |
title_fullStr | Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation |
title_full_unstemmed | Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation |
title_short | Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation |
title_sort | indoor particulate matter in urban households: sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8582694/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34769574 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111055 |
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