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Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment

Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride wa...

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Autores principales: Farías, Paulina, Estevez-García, Jesús Alejandro, Onofre-Pardo, Erika Noelia, Pérez-Humara, María Luisa, Rojas-Lima, Elodia, Álamo-Hernández, Urinda, Rocha-Amador, Diana Olivia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8583120/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34770007
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111490
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author Farías, Paulina
Estevez-García, Jesús Alejandro
Onofre-Pardo, Erika Noelia
Pérez-Humara, María Luisa
Rojas-Lima, Elodia
Álamo-Hernández, Urinda
Rocha-Amador, Diana Olivia
author_facet Farías, Paulina
Estevez-García, Jesús Alejandro
Onofre-Pardo, Erika Noelia
Pérez-Humara, María Luisa
Rojas-Lima, Elodia
Álamo-Hernández, Urinda
Rocha-Amador, Diana Olivia
author_sort Farías, Paulina
collection PubMed
description Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.
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spelling pubmed-85831202021-11-12 Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment Farías, Paulina Estevez-García, Jesús Alejandro Onofre-Pardo, Erika Noelia Pérez-Humara, María Luisa Rojas-Lima, Elodia Álamo-Hernández, Urinda Rocha-Amador, Diana Olivia Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure. MDPI 2021-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC8583120/ /pubmed/34770007 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111490 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Farías, Paulina
Estevez-García, Jesús Alejandro
Onofre-Pardo, Erika Noelia
Pérez-Humara, María Luisa
Rojas-Lima, Elodia
Álamo-Hernández, Urinda
Rocha-Amador, Diana Olivia
Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment
title Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment
title_full Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment
title_fullStr Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment
title_full_unstemmed Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment
title_short Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment
title_sort fluoride exposure through different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in guanajuato, mexico: a deterministic human health risk assessment
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8583120/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34770007
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111490
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