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Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections
Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial impli...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584017/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768982 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111552 |
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author | Rubitschung, Katie Sherwood, Amber Crisologo, Andrew P. Bhavan, Kavita Haley, Robert W. Wukich, Dane K. Castellino, Laila Hwang, Helena La Fontaine, Javier Chhabra, Avneesh Lavery, Lawrence Öz, Orhan K. |
author_facet | Rubitschung, Katie Sherwood, Amber Crisologo, Andrew P. Bhavan, Kavita Haley, Robert W. Wukich, Dane K. Castellino, Laila Hwang, Helena La Fontaine, Javier Chhabra, Avneesh Lavery, Lawrence Öz, Orhan K. |
author_sort | Rubitschung, Katie |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial implications of diabetic foot infection (DFI) indicate an acute need for improved clinical assessment and treatment. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current non-invasive imaging modalities have made diagnosis and treatment response challenging. Current anatomical and molecular clinical imaging strategies have mainly targeted the host’s immune responses rather than the unique metabolism of the invading microorganism. Advances in imaging have the potential to reduce the impact of these problems and improve the assessment of DFI, particularly in distinguishing infection of soft tissue alone from osteomyelitis (OM). This review presents a summary of the known pathophysiology of DFI, the molecular basis of current and emerging diagnostic imaging techniques, and the mechanistic links of these imaging techniques to the pathophysiology of diabetic foot infections. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8584017 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85840172021-11-12 Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections Rubitschung, Katie Sherwood, Amber Crisologo, Andrew P. Bhavan, Kavita Haley, Robert W. Wukich, Dane K. Castellino, Laila Hwang, Helena La Fontaine, Javier Chhabra, Avneesh Lavery, Lawrence Öz, Orhan K. Int J Mol Sci Review Diabetic foot infection is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations worldwide. In addition, diabetes mellitus and sequela of the disease are increasing in prevalence. In 2017, 9.4% of Americans were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). The growing pervasiveness and financial implications of diabetic foot infection (DFI) indicate an acute need for improved clinical assessment and treatment. Complex pathophysiology and suboptimal specificity of current non-invasive imaging modalities have made diagnosis and treatment response challenging. Current anatomical and molecular clinical imaging strategies have mainly targeted the host’s immune responses rather than the unique metabolism of the invading microorganism. Advances in imaging have the potential to reduce the impact of these problems and improve the assessment of DFI, particularly in distinguishing infection of soft tissue alone from osteomyelitis (OM). This review presents a summary of the known pathophysiology of DFI, the molecular basis of current and emerging diagnostic imaging techniques, and the mechanistic links of these imaging techniques to the pathophysiology of diabetic foot infections. MDPI 2021-10-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8584017/ /pubmed/34768982 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111552 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Rubitschung, Katie Sherwood, Amber Crisologo, Andrew P. Bhavan, Kavita Haley, Robert W. Wukich, Dane K. Castellino, Laila Hwang, Helena La Fontaine, Javier Chhabra, Avneesh Lavery, Lawrence Öz, Orhan K. Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections |
title | Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections |
title_full | Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections |
title_fullStr | Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections |
title_full_unstemmed | Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections |
title_short | Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections |
title_sort | pathophysiology and molecular imaging of diabetic foot infections |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584017/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768982 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111552 |
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