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Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in labora...

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Autores principales: D’Angelo, Pasquale, Barra, Mario, Lombari, Patrizia, Coppola, Annapaola, Vurro, Davide, Tarabella, Giuseppe, Marasso, Simone Luigi, Borriello, Margherita, Chianese, Federico, Perna, Alessandra F., Cassinese, Antonio, Ingrosso, Diego
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584102/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768938
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111507
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author D’Angelo, Pasquale
Barra, Mario
Lombari, Patrizia
Coppola, Annapaola
Vurro, Davide
Tarabella, Giuseppe
Marasso, Simone Luigi
Borriello, Margherita
Chianese, Federico
Perna, Alessandra F.
Cassinese, Antonio
Ingrosso, Diego
author_facet D’Angelo, Pasquale
Barra, Mario
Lombari, Patrizia
Coppola, Annapaola
Vurro, Davide
Tarabella, Giuseppe
Marasso, Simone Luigi
Borriello, Margherita
Chianese, Federico
Perna, Alessandra F.
Cassinese, Antonio
Ingrosso, Diego
author_sort D’Angelo, Pasquale
collection PubMed
description Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in laboratory medicine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for the quantitation of total Hcy (tHcy), i.e., the sum of the protein-bound (oxidized) and free (homocystine plus reduced Hcy) forms, in biological fluids (particularly, serum or plasma). Here, the response of Aerosol Jet-printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), in the presence of either reduced (free) and oxidized Hcy-based solutions, was analyzed. Two different experimental protocols were followed to this end: the former consisting of gold (Au) electrodes’ biothiol-induced thiolation, while the latter simply used bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was performed both to validate the gold thiolation protocol and to gain insights into the reduced Hcy sensing mechanism by the Au-gated OECTs, which provided a final limit of detection (LoD) of 80 nM. For the OECT response based on Platinum gate electrodes, on the other hand, a LoD of 180 nM was found in the presence of albumin-bound Hcy, with this being the most abundant oxidized Hcy-form (i.e., the protein-bound form) in physiological fluids. Despite the lack of any biochemical functionalization supporting the response selectivity, the findings discussed in this work highlight the potential role of OECT in the development of low-cost point-of-care (POC) electronic platforms that are suitable for the evaluation, in humans, of Hcy levels within the physiological range and in cases of hyperhomocysteinemia.
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spelling pubmed-85841022021-11-12 Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes D’Angelo, Pasquale Barra, Mario Lombari, Patrizia Coppola, Annapaola Vurro, Davide Tarabella, Giuseppe Marasso, Simone Luigi Borriello, Margherita Chianese, Federico Perna, Alessandra F. Cassinese, Antonio Ingrosso, Diego Int J Mol Sci Article Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in laboratory medicine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for the quantitation of total Hcy (tHcy), i.e., the sum of the protein-bound (oxidized) and free (homocystine plus reduced Hcy) forms, in biological fluids (particularly, serum or plasma). Here, the response of Aerosol Jet-printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), in the presence of either reduced (free) and oxidized Hcy-based solutions, was analyzed. Two different experimental protocols were followed to this end: the former consisting of gold (Au) electrodes’ biothiol-induced thiolation, while the latter simply used bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was performed both to validate the gold thiolation protocol and to gain insights into the reduced Hcy sensing mechanism by the Au-gated OECTs, which provided a final limit of detection (LoD) of 80 nM. For the OECT response based on Platinum gate electrodes, on the other hand, a LoD of 180 nM was found in the presence of albumin-bound Hcy, with this being the most abundant oxidized Hcy-form (i.e., the protein-bound form) in physiological fluids. Despite the lack of any biochemical functionalization supporting the response selectivity, the findings discussed in this work highlight the potential role of OECT in the development of low-cost point-of-care (POC) electronic platforms that are suitable for the evaluation, in humans, of Hcy levels within the physiological range and in cases of hyperhomocysteinemia. MDPI 2021-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8584102/ /pubmed/34768938 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111507 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
D’Angelo, Pasquale
Barra, Mario
Lombari, Patrizia
Coppola, Annapaola
Vurro, Davide
Tarabella, Giuseppe
Marasso, Simone Luigi
Borriello, Margherita
Chianese, Federico
Perna, Alessandra F.
Cassinese, Antonio
Ingrosso, Diego
Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_full Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_fullStr Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_full_unstemmed Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_short Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes
title_sort homocysteine solution-induced response in aerosol jet printed oects by means of gold and platinum gate electrodes
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584102/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768938
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111507
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