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Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis

Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive...

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Autores principales: Qiao, Lichun, Liu, Xuan, He, Yujie, Zhang, Jiaheng, Huang, Hao, Bian, Wenming, Chilufya, Mumba Mulutula, Zhao, Yan, Han, Jing
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584317/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34769367
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111932
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author Qiao, Lichun
Liu, Xuan
He, Yujie
Zhang, Jiaheng
Huang, Hao
Bian, Wenming
Chilufya, Mumba Mulutula
Zhao, Yan
Han, Jing
author_facet Qiao, Lichun
Liu, Xuan
He, Yujie
Zhang, Jiaheng
Huang, Hao
Bian, Wenming
Chilufya, Mumba Mulutula
Zhao, Yan
Han, Jing
author_sort Qiao, Lichun
collection PubMed
description Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hormone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis. In this review, we summarised and analyzed relevant findings to provide a basis for comprehensive understandings of the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis and hopefully propose more effective prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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spelling pubmed-85843172021-11-12 Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis Qiao, Lichun Liu, Xuan He, Yujie Zhang, Jiaheng Huang, Hao Bian, Wenming Chilufya, Mumba Mulutula Zhao, Yan Han, Jing Int J Mol Sci Review Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hormone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis. In this review, we summarised and analyzed relevant findings to provide a basis for comprehensive understandings of the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis and hopefully propose more effective prevention and therapeutic strategies. MDPI 2021-11-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8584317/ /pubmed/34769367 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111932 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Qiao, Lichun
Liu, Xuan
He, Yujie
Zhang, Jiaheng
Huang, Hao
Bian, Wenming
Chilufya, Mumba Mulutula
Zhao, Yan
Han, Jing
Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_full Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_fullStr Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_full_unstemmed Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_short Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis
title_sort progress of signaling pathways, stress pathways and epigenetics in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584317/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34769367
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111932
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