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Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study

Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. Methods: A prospective, single-center, controlled,...

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Autores principales: Bassi, PierFrancesco, Di Gianfrancesco, Luca, Salmaso, Luigi, Ragonese, Mauro, Palermo, Giuseppe, Sacco, Emilio, Giancristofaro, Rosa Arboretti, Ceccato, Riccardo, Racioppi, Marco
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584426/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768503
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214984
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author Bassi, PierFrancesco
Di Gianfrancesco, Luca
Salmaso, Luigi
Ragonese, Mauro
Palermo, Giuseppe
Sacco, Emilio
Giancristofaro, Rosa Arboretti
Ceccato, Riccardo
Racioppi, Marco
author_facet Bassi, PierFrancesco
Di Gianfrancesco, Luca
Salmaso, Luigi
Ragonese, Mauro
Palermo, Giuseppe
Sacco, Emilio
Giancristofaro, Rosa Arboretti
Ceccato, Riccardo
Racioppi, Marco
author_sort Bassi, PierFrancesco
collection PubMed
description Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. Methods: A prospective, single-center, controlled, non-randomized, phase 2 study was carried out on 198 consecutive subjects (102 with proven BCa, 96 controls). Urine samples were evaluated with an electronic nose provided with 32 volatile gas analyzer sensors. The tests were repeated at least two times per sample. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and variability were evaluated using mainly the non-parametric combination method, permutation tests, and discriminant analysis classification. Results: Statistically significant differences between BCa patients and controls were reported by 28 (87.5%) of the 32 sensors. The overall discriminatory power, sensitivity, and specificity were 78.8%, 74.1%, and 76%, respectively; 13/96 (13.5%) controls and 29/102 (28.4%) BCa patients were misclassified as false positive and false negative, respectively. Where the most efficient sensors were selected, the sensitivity and specificity increased up to 91.1% (72.5–100) and 89.1% (81–95.8), respectively. None of the tumor characteristics represented independent predictors of device responsiveness. Conclusions: The electronic nose might represent a potentially reliable, quick, accurate, and cost-effective tool for non-invasive BCa diagnosis.
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spelling pubmed-85844262021-11-12 Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study Bassi, PierFrancesco Di Gianfrancesco, Luca Salmaso, Luigi Ragonese, Mauro Palermo, Giuseppe Sacco, Emilio Giancristofaro, Rosa Arboretti Ceccato, Riccardo Racioppi, Marco J Clin Med Article Background: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. Methods: A prospective, single-center, controlled, non-randomized, phase 2 study was carried out on 198 consecutive subjects (102 with proven BCa, 96 controls). Urine samples were evaluated with an electronic nose provided with 32 volatile gas analyzer sensors. The tests were repeated at least two times per sample. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and variability were evaluated using mainly the non-parametric combination method, permutation tests, and discriminant analysis classification. Results: Statistically significant differences between BCa patients and controls were reported by 28 (87.5%) of the 32 sensors. The overall discriminatory power, sensitivity, and specificity were 78.8%, 74.1%, and 76%, respectively; 13/96 (13.5%) controls and 29/102 (28.4%) BCa patients were misclassified as false positive and false negative, respectively. Where the most efficient sensors were selected, the sensitivity and specificity increased up to 91.1% (72.5–100) and 89.1% (81–95.8), respectively. None of the tumor characteristics represented independent predictors of device responsiveness. Conclusions: The electronic nose might represent a potentially reliable, quick, accurate, and cost-effective tool for non-invasive BCa diagnosis. MDPI 2021-10-27 /pmc/articles/PMC8584426/ /pubmed/34768503 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214984 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Bassi, PierFrancesco
Di Gianfrancesco, Luca
Salmaso, Luigi
Ragonese, Mauro
Palermo, Giuseppe
Sacco, Emilio
Giancristofaro, Rosa Arboretti
Ceccato, Riccardo
Racioppi, Marco
Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_full Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_fullStr Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_full_unstemmed Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_short Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study
title_sort improved non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer with an electronic nose: a large pilot study
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8584426/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34768503
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10214984
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