On–Off Scheduling for Electric Vehicle Charging in Two-Links Charging Stations Using Binary Optimization Approaches

In this study, we deal with the problem of scheduling charging periods of electrical vehicles (EVs) to satisfy the users’ demands for energy consumption as well as to optimally utilize the available power. We assume three-phase EV charging stations, each equipped with two charging ports (links) that can serve up to two EVs in the scheduling period but not simultaneously. Considering such a specification, we propose an on–off scheduling scheme wherein control over an energy flow is achieved by flexibly switching the ports in each station on and off in a manner such as to satisfy the energy demand of each EV, flatten the high energy-consuming load on the whole farm, and to minimize the number of switching operations. To satisfy these needs, the on–off scheduling scheme is formulated in terms of a binary linear programming problem, which is then extended to a quadratic version to incorporate the smoothness constraints. Various algorithmic approaches are used for solving a binary quadratic programming problem, including the Frank–Wolfe algorithm and successive linear approximations. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the latter is scalable, efficient, and flexible in a charging procedure, and it shaves the load peak while maintaining smooth charging profiles.