Whole-body MRI versus an [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard for early response assessment and restaging of paediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a prospective multicentre study

OBJECTIVES: To compare WB-MRI with an [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT-based reference for early response assessment and restaging in children with Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL). METHODS: Fifty-one children (ages 10–17) with HL were included in this prospective, multicentre study. All participants underwent WB-MRI and [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT at early response assessment. Thirteen of the 51 patients also underwent both WB-MRI and [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT at restaging. Two radiologists independently evaluated all WB-MR images in two separate readings: without and with DWI. The [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT examinations were evaluated by a nuclear medicine physician. An expert panel assessed all discrepancies between WB-MRI and [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT to derive the [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. Inter-observer agreement for WB-MRI was calculated using kappa statistics. Concordance, PPV, NPV, sensitivity and specificity for a correct assessment of the response between WB-MRI and the reference standard were calculated for both nodal and extra-nodal disease presence and total response evaluation. RESULTS: Inter-observer agreement of WB-MRI including DWI between both readers was moderate (κ 0.46–0.60). For early response assessment, WB-MRI DWI agreed with the reference standard in 33/51 patients (65%, 95% CI 51–77%) versus 15/51 (29%, 95% CI 19–43%) for WB-MRI without DWI. For restaging, WB-MRI including DWI agreed with the reference standard in 9/13 patients (69%, 95% CI 42–87%) versus 5/13 patients (38%, 95% CI 18–64%) for WB-MRI without DWI. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of DWI to the WB-MRI protocol in early response assessment and restaging of paediatric HL improved agreement with the [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. However, WB-MRI remained discordant in 30% of the patients compared to standard imaging for assessing residual disease presence. KEY POINTS: • Inter-observer agreement of WB-MRI including DWI between both readers was moderate for (early) response assessment of paediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma. • The addition of DWI to the WB-MRI protocol in early response assessment and restaging of paediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma improved agreement with the [18F]FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. • WB-MRI including DWI agreed with the reference standard in respectively 65% and 69% of the patients for early response assessment and restaging. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00330-021-08026-1.