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Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex
The neural network in the brain can be viewed as an integrated system assembled from a large number of local neural circuits specialized for particular brain functions. Activities of neurons in local neural circuits are thought to be organized both spatially and temporally under the rules optimized...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8595196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34803616 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2021.757499 |
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author | Endo, Masaaki Maruoka, Hisato Okabe, Shigeo |
author_facet | Endo, Masaaki Maruoka, Hisato Okabe, Shigeo |
author_sort | Endo, Masaaki |
collection | PubMed |
description | The neural network in the brain can be viewed as an integrated system assembled from a large number of local neural circuits specialized for particular brain functions. Activities of neurons in local neural circuits are thought to be organized both spatially and temporally under the rules optimized for their roles in information processing. It is well perceived that different areas of the mammalian neocortex have specific cognitive functions and distinct computational properties. However, the organizational principles of the local neural circuits in different cortical regions have not yet been clarified. Therefore, new research principles and related neuro-technologies that enable efficient and precise recording of large-scale neuronal activities and synaptic connections are necessary. Innovative technologies for structural analysis, including tissue clearing and expansion microscopy, have enabled super resolution imaging of the neural circuits containing thousands of neurons at a single synapse resolution. The imaging resolution and volume achieved by new technologies are beyond the limits of conventional light or electron microscopic methods. Progress in genome editing and related technologies has made it possible to label and manipulate specific cell types and discriminate activities of multiple cell types. These technologies will provide a breakthrough for multiscale analysis of the structure and function of local neural circuits. This review summarizes the basic concepts and practical applications of the emerging technologies and new insight into local neural circuits obtained by these technologies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8595196 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85951962021-11-18 Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex Endo, Masaaki Maruoka, Hisato Okabe, Shigeo Front Neuroanat Neuroscience The neural network in the brain can be viewed as an integrated system assembled from a large number of local neural circuits specialized for particular brain functions. Activities of neurons in local neural circuits are thought to be organized both spatially and temporally under the rules optimized for their roles in information processing. It is well perceived that different areas of the mammalian neocortex have specific cognitive functions and distinct computational properties. However, the organizational principles of the local neural circuits in different cortical regions have not yet been clarified. Therefore, new research principles and related neuro-technologies that enable efficient and precise recording of large-scale neuronal activities and synaptic connections are necessary. Innovative technologies for structural analysis, including tissue clearing and expansion microscopy, have enabled super resolution imaging of the neural circuits containing thousands of neurons at a single synapse resolution. The imaging resolution and volume achieved by new technologies are beyond the limits of conventional light or electron microscopic methods. Progress in genome editing and related technologies has made it possible to label and manipulate specific cell types and discriminate activities of multiple cell types. These technologies will provide a breakthrough for multiscale analysis of the structure and function of local neural circuits. This review summarizes the basic concepts and practical applications of the emerging technologies and new insight into local neural circuits obtained by these technologies. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8595196/ /pubmed/34803616 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2021.757499 Text en Copyright © 2021 Endo, Maruoka and Okabe. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Endo, Masaaki Maruoka, Hisato Okabe, Shigeo Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex |
title | Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex |
title_full | Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex |
title_fullStr | Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex |
title_full_unstemmed | Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex |
title_short | Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex |
title_sort | advanced technologies for local neural circuits in the cerebral cortex |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8595196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34803616 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2021.757499 |
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