Cancer classification using machine learning and HRV analysis: preliminary evidence from a pilot study

Most cancer patients exhibit autonomic dysfunction with attenuated heart rate variability (HRV) levels compared to healthy controls. This research aimed to create and evaluate a machine learning (ML) model enabling discrimination between cancer patients and healthy controls based on 5-min-ECG recordings. We selected 12 HRV features based on previous research and compared the results between cancer patients and healthy individuals using Wilcoxon sum-rank test. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) identified the top five features, averaged over 5 min and employed them as input to three different ML. Next, we created an ensemble model based on a stacking method that aggregated the predictions from all three base classifiers. All HRV features were significantly different between the two groups. SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50%, HRV triangular index, and SD1 were selected by RFE and used as an input to three different ML. All three base-classifiers performed above chance level, RF being the most efficient with a testing accuracy of 83%. The ensemble model showed a classification accuracy of 86% and an AUC of 0.95. The results obtained by ML algorithms suggest HRV parameters could be a reliable input for differentiating between cancer patients and healthy controls. Results should be interpreted in light of some limitations that call for replication studies with larger sample sizes.