Local immune microenvironment of skin may play an important role in the development of pretibial myxedema

Pretibial myxedema (PTM), characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in dermis is an autoimmune skin disorder, which is almost always associated with Graves’ disease (GD). Although fibroblast stimulated by thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) antibody, cytokines and growth factors have been postulated as target of the autoimmune process in the dermopathy, the pathogenesis of PTM remains unclear. We hypothesize that the local immune microenvironment of the skin including the antigens and antibodies, T cells, B cells, plasma cells and fibroblasts may play an important role in the development of PTM. Results obtained on PTM patients indicate increased thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAb) in the blood positively correlate with the dermal thickness of the lesions. Further analysis shows that there were more CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells in the skin lesions. These T and B cells are in close contact, indicating that inducible skin‐associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT) may be formed in the area. In addition, we found that the infiltrating plasma cells can secrete TRAb, proving that B cells in the skin other than the thyroid are an additional source of TSHR antibodies. Meanwhile, the T and B cells in the skin or skin homogenate of patients can promote the proliferation of pretibial fibroblasts. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that the local immune microenvironment of the skin may play an important role in the development of PTM.