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Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures
This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle sizes of − ...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8599486/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34789854 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01916-w |
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author | Eze, Azunna Agwo Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi Kupolati, Williams Kehinde Snyman, Jacques Ndambuki, Julius Musyoka Jamiru, Tamba Durowoju, Mondiu Olayinka Ibrahim, Idowu David Shongwe, Mxolisi Brendon Desai, Dawood A. |
author_facet | Eze, Azunna Agwo Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi Kupolati, Williams Kehinde Snyman, Jacques Ndambuki, Julius Musyoka Jamiru, Tamba Durowoju, Mondiu Olayinka Ibrahim, Idowu David Shongwe, Mxolisi Brendon Desai, Dawood A. |
author_sort | Eze, Azunna Agwo |
collection | PubMed |
description | This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle sizes of − 44 µm was employed by using the planetary ball mill equipped with stainless still vials with still balls in ethanol. A ball-to-powder mass ratio of 10:1 was used at a rotation speed of 400 rpm, an interval of 15 min with an interval break of 5 s, and a milling time of 10 h. The powder was dried in vacutec at a temperature of 100 °C, using a speed of 15 rpm in the vacuum of 250 mbar at a time of approximately 653 min. The crystal phase of the dried powders was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with CuK(ɑ) radiation, and by modification of the Scherrer equation, a single crystallite size of 11.85 nm was obtained. The morphology of the particles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results show that the pure crystal sizes in nanometre (nm), which decreases as the 2θ and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increases. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8599486 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-85994862021-11-19 Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures Eze, Azunna Agwo Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi Kupolati, Williams Kehinde Snyman, Jacques Ndambuki, Julius Musyoka Jamiru, Tamba Durowoju, Mondiu Olayinka Ibrahim, Idowu David Shongwe, Mxolisi Brendon Desai, Dawood A. Sci Rep Article This study investigates the effect of using ethanol as the process control agent during the wet ball milling of niobium (Nb). Dried nanocrystal Nb powders, of high purity, with particle sizes, ranging from 8.5 to 14.3 nm, were synthesized by ball milling. Commercial Nb powder of particle sizes of − 44 µm was employed by using the planetary ball mill equipped with stainless still vials with still balls in ethanol. A ball-to-powder mass ratio of 10:1 was used at a rotation speed of 400 rpm, an interval of 15 min with an interval break of 5 s, and a milling time of 10 h. The powder was dried in vacutec at a temperature of 100 °C, using a speed of 15 rpm in the vacuum of 250 mbar at a time of approximately 653 min. The crystal phase of the dried powders was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with CuK(ɑ) radiation, and by modification of the Scherrer equation, a single crystallite size of 11.85 nm was obtained. The morphology of the particles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results show that the pure crystal sizes in nanometre (nm), which decreases as the 2θ and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increases. Nature Publishing Group UK 2021-11-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8599486/ /pubmed/34789854 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01916-w Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Eze, Azunna Agwo Sadiku, Emmanuel Rotimi Kupolati, Williams Kehinde Snyman, Jacques Ndambuki, Julius Musyoka Jamiru, Tamba Durowoju, Mondiu Olayinka Ibrahim, Idowu David Shongwe, Mxolisi Brendon Desai, Dawood A. Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
title | Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
title_full | Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
title_fullStr | Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
title_full_unstemmed | Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
title_short | Wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
title_sort | wet ball milling of niobium by using ethanol, determination of the crystallite size and microstructures |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8599486/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34789854 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01916-w |
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