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External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens

Opportunities for clinicians, researchers, and medical students to become acquainted with the three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of the human embryo have historically been limited. This work was aimed at creating a collection of digital, printable 3D surface models demonstrating major morphogenetic chan...

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Autor principal: Azkue, Jon Jatsu
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602026/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34275144
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13514
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author Azkue, Jon Jatsu
author_facet Azkue, Jon Jatsu
author_sort Azkue, Jon Jatsu
collection PubMed
description Opportunities for clinicians, researchers, and medical students to become acquainted with the three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of the human embryo have historically been limited. This work was aimed at creating a collection of digital, printable 3D surface models demonstrating major morphogenetic changes in the embryo's external anatomy, including typical features used for external staging. Twelve models were digitally reconstructed based on optical projection tomography, high‐resolution episcopic microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging datasets of formalin‐fixed specimens of embryos of developmental stages 12 through 23, that is, stages following longitudinal and transverse embryo folding. The reconstructed replica reproduced the external anatomy of the actual specimens in great detail, and the progress of development over stages was recognizable in a variety of external anatomical features and bodily structures, including the general layout and curvature of the body, the pharyngeal arches and cervical sinus, the physiological gut herniation, and external genitalia. In addition, surface anatomy features commonly used for embryo staging, such as distinct steps in the morphogenesis of facial primordia and limb buds, were also apparent. These digital replica, which are all provided for 3D visualization and printing, can serve as a novel resource for teaching and learning embryology and may contribute to a better appreciation of the human embryonic development.
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spelling pubmed-86020262021-11-24 External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens Azkue, Jon Jatsu J Anat Original Papers Opportunities for clinicians, researchers, and medical students to become acquainted with the three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of the human embryo have historically been limited. This work was aimed at creating a collection of digital, printable 3D surface models demonstrating major morphogenetic changes in the embryo's external anatomy, including typical features used for external staging. Twelve models were digitally reconstructed based on optical projection tomography, high‐resolution episcopic microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging datasets of formalin‐fixed specimens of embryos of developmental stages 12 through 23, that is, stages following longitudinal and transverse embryo folding. The reconstructed replica reproduced the external anatomy of the actual specimens in great detail, and the progress of development over stages was recognizable in a variety of external anatomical features and bodily structures, including the general layout and curvature of the body, the pharyngeal arches and cervical sinus, the physiological gut herniation, and external genitalia. In addition, surface anatomy features commonly used for embryo staging, such as distinct steps in the morphogenesis of facial primordia and limb buds, were also apparent. These digital replica, which are all provided for 3D visualization and printing, can serve as a novel resource for teaching and learning embryology and may contribute to a better appreciation of the human embryonic development. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021-07-18 2021-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8602026/ /pubmed/34275144 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13514 Text en © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
spellingShingle Original Papers
Azkue, Jon Jatsu
External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
title External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
title_full External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
title_fullStr External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
title_full_unstemmed External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
title_short External surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: Computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
title_sort external surface anatomy of the postfolding human embryo: computer‐aided, three‐dimensional reconstruction of printable digital specimens
topic Original Papers
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602026/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34275144
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13514
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