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Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population
To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering c...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602063/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34805064 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.731981 |
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author | Vallarta-Robledo, Juan R. Sandoval, José Luis Baggio, Stéphanie Salamun, Julien Jacquérioz, Frédérique Spechbach, Hervé Guessous, Idris |
author_facet | Vallarta-Robledo, Juan R. Sandoval, José Luis Baggio, Stéphanie Salamun, Julien Jacquérioz, Frédérique Spechbach, Hervé Guessous, Idris |
author_sort | Vallarta-Robledo, Juan R. |
collection | PubMed |
description | To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Baseline data were obtained from a cohort during the first wave of the pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland (March-April 2020). RT-PCR tests were carried out on individuals suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 according to the testing strategy at that time. Logistic regressions were performed to test the association of smoking and testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and further adjusted for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The sample included 5,169 participants; 60% were women and the mean age was 41 years. The unadjusted OR for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 0.46 (CI: 0.38–0.54). After adjustment for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors, smoking was still negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR: 0.44; CI: 0.35–0.77). Women (OR: 0.79; CI: 0.69–0.91), higher postal income (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95–0.99), having respiratory (OR: 0.68; CI: 0.55–0.84) and immunosuppressive disorders (OR: 0.63; CI: 0.44–0.88) also showed independent negative associations with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Smoking was negatively associated with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 independently of comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Since having respiratory or immunosuppressive conditions and being females and healthcare workers were similarly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive testing, we hypothesize that risk factor-related protective or testing behaviors could have induced a negative association with SARS-CoV-2. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8602063 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86020632021-11-20 Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population Vallarta-Robledo, Juan R. Sandoval, José Luis Baggio, Stéphanie Salamun, Julien Jacquérioz, Frédérique Spechbach, Hervé Guessous, Idris Front Public Health Public Health To date, most of the evidence suggests that smoking is negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence has several methodological limitations. Using an outpatient sample population, we analyzed the association of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and smoking considering comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Baseline data were obtained from a cohort during the first wave of the pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland (March-April 2020). RT-PCR tests were carried out on individuals suspected of having SARS-CoV-2 according to the testing strategy at that time. Logistic regressions were performed to test the association of smoking and testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and further adjusted for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. The sample included 5,169 participants; 60% were women and the mean age was 41 years. The unadjusted OR for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 0.46 (CI: 0.38–0.54). After adjustment for comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors, smoking was still negatively associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR: 0.44; CI: 0.35–0.77). Women (OR: 0.79; CI: 0.69–0.91), higher postal income (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95–0.99), having respiratory (OR: 0.68; CI: 0.55–0.84) and immunosuppressive disorders (OR: 0.63; CI: 0.44–0.88) also showed independent negative associations with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Smoking was negatively associated with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 independently of comorbidities, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Since having respiratory or immunosuppressive conditions and being females and healthcare workers were similarly negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive testing, we hypothesize that risk factor-related protective or testing behaviors could have induced a negative association with SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-05 /pmc/articles/PMC8602063/ /pubmed/34805064 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.731981 Text en Copyright © 2021 Vallarta-Robledo, Sandoval, Baggio, Salamun, Jacquérioz, Spechbach and Guessous. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Vallarta-Robledo, Juan R. Sandoval, José Luis Baggio, Stéphanie Salamun, Julien Jacquérioz, Frédérique Spechbach, Hervé Guessous, Idris Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population |
title | Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population |
title_full | Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population |
title_fullStr | Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population |
title_full_unstemmed | Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population |
title_short | Negative Association Between Smoking and Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing: Results From a Swiss Outpatient Sample Population |
title_sort | negative association between smoking and positive sars-cov-2 testing: results from a swiss outpatient sample population |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602063/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34805064 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.731981 |
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