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Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury
CONTEXT: Rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) relies on the use of exercise training, which has limited functional gains. There is a need to develop more efficient approaches to facilitate recovery after SCI. METHODS: This review focuses on a neuromodulation method where transcranial magnet...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Taylor & Francis
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8604481/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34779722 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2021.1970908 |
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author | Jo, Hang Jin Richardson, Michael S. A. Oudega, Martin Perez, Monica A. |
author_facet | Jo, Hang Jin Richardson, Michael S. A. Oudega, Martin Perez, Monica A. |
author_sort | Jo, Hang Jin |
collection | PubMed |
description | CONTEXT: Rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) relies on the use of exercise training, which has limited functional gains. There is a need to develop more efficient approaches to facilitate recovery after SCI. METHODS: This review focuses on a neuromodulation method where transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex is paired with transcutaneous electrical stimulation over a peripheral nerve to induce plasticity at corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses. These two stimuli are applied at precise inter-stimulus intervals to reinforce corticospinal synaptic transmission using principles of spike-timing-dependent plasticity applied alone or in combination with exercise training. RESULTS: Transmission in residual corticospinal axons, assessed using TMS and maximal voluntary motor output, increased after stimulation combined with exercise training in persons with SCI. There were also significant improvements in functional outcomes, including walking speed and grasping function, which persisted after 6–9 months post stimulation. Moreover, the data suggested that the effects of the stimulation protocol can be augmented with a higher number of sessions and with multiple stimulation sites in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary movement is enhanced in people with SCI through the strengthening of corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses using paired stimulation. This neuromodulation technique represents a novel powerful strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8604481 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Taylor & Francis |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86044812022-03-03 Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury Jo, Hang Jin Richardson, Michael S. A. Oudega, Martin Perez, Monica A. J Spinal Cord Med Special Articles CONTEXT: Rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) relies on the use of exercise training, which has limited functional gains. There is a need to develop more efficient approaches to facilitate recovery after SCI. METHODS: This review focuses on a neuromodulation method where transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex is paired with transcutaneous electrical stimulation over a peripheral nerve to induce plasticity at corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses. These two stimuli are applied at precise inter-stimulus intervals to reinforce corticospinal synaptic transmission using principles of spike-timing-dependent plasticity applied alone or in combination with exercise training. RESULTS: Transmission in residual corticospinal axons, assessed using TMS and maximal voluntary motor output, increased after stimulation combined with exercise training in persons with SCI. There were also significant improvements in functional outcomes, including walking speed and grasping function, which persisted after 6–9 months post stimulation. Moreover, the data suggested that the effects of the stimulation protocol can be augmented with a higher number of sessions and with multiple stimulation sites in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary movement is enhanced in people with SCI through the strengthening of corticospinal-motoneuronal synapses using paired stimulation. This neuromodulation technique represents a novel powerful strategy to facilitate functional recovery after SCI. Taylor & Francis 2021-11-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8604481/ /pubmed/34779722 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2021.1970908 Text en © 2021 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) ), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. |
spellingShingle | Special Articles Jo, Hang Jin Richardson, Michael S. A. Oudega, Martin Perez, Monica A. Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
title | Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
title_full | Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
title_fullStr | Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
title_short | Paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
title_sort | paired corticospinal-motoneuronal stimulation and exercise after spinal cord injury |
topic | Special Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8604481/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34779722 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2021.1970908 |
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