Pembrolizumab-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Review of Critical Care Case

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a commonly encountered diagnosis in the general inpatient and intensive care unit settings. We report a rare case of pembrolizumab-induced DKA in a patient with bladder carcinoma in situ with no prior diagnosis of diabetes. Our case highlights the importance of understanding immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) as immunotherapy is becoming a mainstay of treatment for a variety of diagnoses. The rare side effect of DKA presented in this case is compared to the classical presentation of DKA secondary to type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We found that pembrolizumab-induced DKA presented with fewer symptoms than T1DM-induced DKA and did not present with serum antibodies that are typically present in T1DM. While management of DKA in the acute setting is unchanged regardless of the precipitating factor, this case demonstrates the importance of identifying the precipitant in order to pursue the appropriate diagnostic workup and long-term management.