Cargando…

The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental disorder where the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic systems are impaired. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional network where the central and enteric nervous systems are linked through the same endocrine, immune, neur...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Scassellati, Catia, Marizzoni, Moira, Cattane, Nadia, Lopizzo, Nicola, Mombelli, Elisa, Riva, Marco Andrea, Cattaneo, Annamaria
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607517/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34819883
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722335
_version_ 1784602579004555264
author Scassellati, Catia
Marizzoni, Moira
Cattane, Nadia
Lopizzo, Nicola
Mombelli, Elisa
Riva, Marco Andrea
Cattaneo, Annamaria
author_facet Scassellati, Catia
Marizzoni, Moira
Cattane, Nadia
Lopizzo, Nicola
Mombelli, Elisa
Riva, Marco Andrea
Cattaneo, Annamaria
author_sort Scassellati, Catia
collection PubMed
description Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental disorder where the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic systems are impaired. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional network where the central and enteric nervous systems are linked through the same endocrine, immune, neural, and metabolic routes dysregulated in MDD. Thus, gut-brain axis abnormalities in MDD patients may, at least in part, account for the symptomatic features associated with MDD. Recent investigations have suggested that the oral microbiome also plays a key role in this complex molecular picture of relationships. As on one hand there is a lot of what we know and on the other hand little of what we still need to know, we structured this review focusing, in the first place, on putting all pieces of this complex puzzle together, underlying the endocrine, immune, oxidative stress, neural, microbial neurotransmitters, and metabolites molecular interactions and systems lying at the base of gut microbiota (GM)–brain-depression interphase. Then, we focused on promising but still under-explored areas of research strictly linked to the GM and potentially involved in MDD development: (i) the interconnection of GM with oral microbiome that can influence the neuroinflammation-related processes and (ii) gut phageome (bacteria-infecting viruses). As conclusions and future directions, we discussed potentiality but also pitfalls, roadblocks, and the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research. By the development of a broader knowledge of the biology associated with MDD, with the inclusion of the gut/oral microbiome, we can accelerate the growth toward a better global health based on precision medicine.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8607517
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-86075172021-11-23 The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know Scassellati, Catia Marizzoni, Moira Cattane, Nadia Lopizzo, Nicola Mombelli, Elisa Riva, Marco Andrea Cattaneo, Annamaria Front Psychiatry Psychiatry Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental disorder where the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic systems are impaired. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional network where the central and enteric nervous systems are linked through the same endocrine, immune, neural, and metabolic routes dysregulated in MDD. Thus, gut-brain axis abnormalities in MDD patients may, at least in part, account for the symptomatic features associated with MDD. Recent investigations have suggested that the oral microbiome also plays a key role in this complex molecular picture of relationships. As on one hand there is a lot of what we know and on the other hand little of what we still need to know, we structured this review focusing, in the first place, on putting all pieces of this complex puzzle together, underlying the endocrine, immune, oxidative stress, neural, microbial neurotransmitters, and metabolites molecular interactions and systems lying at the base of gut microbiota (GM)–brain-depression interphase. Then, we focused on promising but still under-explored areas of research strictly linked to the GM and potentially involved in MDD development: (i) the interconnection of GM with oral microbiome that can influence the neuroinflammation-related processes and (ii) gut phageome (bacteria-infecting viruses). As conclusions and future directions, we discussed potentiality but also pitfalls, roadblocks, and the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research. By the development of a broader knowledge of the biology associated with MDD, with the inclusion of the gut/oral microbiome, we can accelerate the growth toward a better global health based on precision medicine. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-02 /pmc/articles/PMC8607517/ /pubmed/34819883 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722335 Text en Copyright © 2021 Scassellati, Marizzoni, Cattane, Lopizzo, Mombelli, Riva and Cattaneo. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Psychiatry
Scassellati, Catia
Marizzoni, Moira
Cattane, Nadia
Lopizzo, Nicola
Mombelli, Elisa
Riva, Marco Andrea
Cattaneo, Annamaria
The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know
title The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know
title_full The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know
title_fullStr The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know
title_full_unstemmed The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know
title_short The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota–Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know
title_sort complex molecular picture of gut and oral microbiota–brain-depression system: what we know and what we need to know
topic Psychiatry
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607517/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34819883
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722335
work_keys_str_mv AT scassellaticatia thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT marizzonimoira thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT cattanenadia thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT lopizzonicola thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT mombellielisa thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT rivamarcoandrea thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT cattaneoannamaria thecomplexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT scassellaticatia complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT marizzonimoira complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT cattanenadia complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT lopizzonicola complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT mombellielisa complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT rivamarcoandrea complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow
AT cattaneoannamaria complexmolecularpictureofgutandoralmicrobiotabraindepressionsystemwhatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow