Screening of Altered Metabolites and Metabolic Pathways in Celiac Disease Using NMR Spectroscopy

BACKGROUND: Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune intestinal disorder caused by gluten protein consumption in genetically predisposed individuals. As biopsy sampling is an invasive procedure, finding novel noninvasive serological markers for screening of at-risk CeD population is a priority. Metabolomics is helpful in monitoring metabolite changes in body fluids and tissues. In the present study, we evaluated serum metabolite levels of CeD patients relative to healthy controls with the aim of introducing new biomarkers for population screening. METHOD: We compared the serum metabolic profile of CeD patients (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 22) using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. RESULT: 25 metabolites were identified by serum metabolic profiling. Levels of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid and isobutyrate showed significant differences in CeD patients' samples compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). According to pathway analysis, our data demonstrated that changes in nine metabolic pathways were significantly disrupted/affected in patients with CeD. These enriched pathways are involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; primary bile acid biosynthesis; nitrogen metabolism; glutamine and glutamate metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; and arginine biosynthesis. CONCLUSION: In summary, our results demonstrated that changes in the serum level of 25 metabolites may be useful in distinguishing CeD patients from healthy controls, which have the potential to be considered candidate biomarkers of CeD.