Gene Editing and Modulation: the Holy Grail for the Genetic Epilepsies?

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder for which there are a large number of monogenic subtypes. Monogenic epilepsies are often severe and disabling, featuring drug-resistant seizures and significant developmental comorbidities. These disorders are potentially amenable to a precision medicine approach, of which genome editing using CRISPR/Cas represents the holy grail. Here we consider mutations in some of the most ‘common’ rare epilepsy genes and discuss the different CRISPR/Cas approaches that could be taken to cure these disorders. We consider scenarios where CRISPR-mediated gene modulation could serve as an effective therapeutic strategy and discuss whether a single gene corrective approach could hold therapeutic potential in the context of homeostatic compensation in the developing, highly dynamic brain. Despite an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of the genetic epilepsies and current limitations of gene editing tools, CRISPR-mediated approaches have game-changing potential in the treatment of genetic epilepsy over the next decade. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13311-021-01081-y.