Cargando…
Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure()
OBJECTIVE: The early window of opportunity describes the timeframe after birth in which essential interactions of the immune system and the newly developing microbiota take place. The infant's immune system has to be reactive to invading pathogens and at the same time tolerant to dietary antige...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
World Allergy Organization
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8609161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34868451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100586 |
_version_ | 1784602871834083328 |
---|---|
author | Hornef, Mathias Pabst, Oliver Annesi-Maesano, Isabella Fleddermann, Manja von Mutius, Erika Schaubeck, Monika Fiocchi, Alessandro |
author_facet | Hornef, Mathias Pabst, Oliver Annesi-Maesano, Isabella Fleddermann, Manja von Mutius, Erika Schaubeck, Monika Fiocchi, Alessandro |
author_sort | Hornef, Mathias |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: The early window of opportunity describes the timeframe after birth in which essential interactions of the immune system and the newly developing microbiota take place. The infant's immune system has to be reactive to invading pathogens and at the same time tolerant to dietary antigens. If the mechanisms of defense and tolerance induction are disturbed, the risk of infections or allergies is increased. METHOD: This is a narrative review of the recently published information on the topic of neonatal intestinal development and mechanisms of oral tolerance and summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the 8(th) Human Milk Workshop. RESULTS: The early postnatal period sets the stage for life-long host-microbiome interaction. In this early phase, specific developmental mechanisms ensure physiologic interaction with the developing microbiota. Innate and adaptive immune cells interact in a concerted way to induce and uphold oral tolerance. Factors in human milk can support this induction of tolerance and simultaneously protect against infection and allergy development. CONCLUSION: Understanding the developmental mechanisms in this early phase of immune system development is the first step to develop strategies of pathology prevention. As human milk protects the infant from infections, and aids to develop a tolerogenic immune response, further knowledge on the protective factors in human milk and their effect on the immune system is required. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8609161 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | World Allergy Organization |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86091612021-12-02 Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() Hornef, Mathias Pabst, Oliver Annesi-Maesano, Isabella Fleddermann, Manja von Mutius, Erika Schaubeck, Monika Fiocchi, Alessandro World Allergy Organ J Article OBJECTIVE: The early window of opportunity describes the timeframe after birth in which essential interactions of the immune system and the newly developing microbiota take place. The infant's immune system has to be reactive to invading pathogens and at the same time tolerant to dietary antigens. If the mechanisms of defense and tolerance induction are disturbed, the risk of infections or allergies is increased. METHOD: This is a narrative review of the recently published information on the topic of neonatal intestinal development and mechanisms of oral tolerance and summarizes the discussions and conclusions from the 8(th) Human Milk Workshop. RESULTS: The early postnatal period sets the stage for life-long host-microbiome interaction. In this early phase, specific developmental mechanisms ensure physiologic interaction with the developing microbiota. Innate and adaptive immune cells interact in a concerted way to induce and uphold oral tolerance. Factors in human milk can support this induction of tolerance and simultaneously protect against infection and allergy development. CONCLUSION: Understanding the developmental mechanisms in this early phase of immune system development is the first step to develop strategies of pathology prevention. As human milk protects the infant from infections, and aids to develop a tolerogenic immune response, further knowledge on the protective factors in human milk and their effect on the immune system is required. World Allergy Organization 2021-11-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8609161/ /pubmed/34868451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100586 Text en © 2021 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Hornef, Mathias Pabst, Oliver Annesi-Maesano, Isabella Fleddermann, Manja von Mutius, Erika Schaubeck, Monika Fiocchi, Alessandro Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() |
title | Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() |
title_full | Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() |
title_fullStr | Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() |
title_full_unstemmed | Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() |
title_short | Allergic diseases in infancy II–oral tolerance and its failure() |
title_sort | allergic diseases in infancy ii–oral tolerance and its failure() |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8609161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34868451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100586 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT hornefmathias allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure AT pabstoliver allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure AT annesimaesanoisabella allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure AT fleddermannmanja allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure AT vonmutiuserika allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure AT schaubeckmonika allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure AT fiocchialessandro allergicdiseasesininfancyiioraltoleranceanditsfailure |