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Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans
Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood–brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolin...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
National Academy of Sciences
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8609323/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34728566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106331118 |
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author | Varatharaj, Aravinthan Carare, Roxana O. Weller, Roy O. Gawne-Cain, Mary Galea, Ian |
author_facet | Varatharaj, Aravinthan Carare, Roxana O. Weller, Roy O. Gawne-Cain, Mary Galea, Ian |
author_sort | Varatharaj, Aravinthan |
collection | PubMed |
description | Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood–brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolinium, which simulates an intraparenchymal injection of gadolinium tracer within the restricted confines of this small brain region. Using high-resolution MRI, we show how it is possible for interstitial fluid to drain into the adjacent trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, in keeping with a pathway of communication between the extracellular spaces of the brainstem and cranial nerve parenchyma. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8609323 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | National Academy of Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86093232021-12-02 Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans Varatharaj, Aravinthan Carare, Roxana O. Weller, Roy O. Gawne-Cain, Mary Galea, Ian Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Biological Sciences Drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brainstem has not been well studied. To map one drainage pathway in the human brainstem, we took advantage of the focal blood–brain barrier disruption occurring in a multiple sclerosis brainstem lesion, coupled with intravenous injection of gadolinium, which simulates an intraparenchymal injection of gadolinium tracer within the restricted confines of this small brain region. Using high-resolution MRI, we show how it is possible for interstitial fluid to drain into the adjacent trigeminal and oculomotor nerves, in keeping with a pathway of communication between the extracellular spaces of the brainstem and cranial nerve parenchyma. National Academy of Sciences 2021-11-02 2021-11-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8609323/ /pubmed/34728566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106331118 Text en Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Biological Sciences Varatharaj, Aravinthan Carare, Roxana O. Weller, Roy O. Gawne-Cain, Mary Galea, Ian Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
title | Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
title_full | Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
title_fullStr | Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
title_full_unstemmed | Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
title_short | Gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: Implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
title_sort | gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves: implications for interstitial fluid drainage from brainstem into cranial nerves in humans |
topic | Biological Sciences |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8609323/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34728566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106331118 |
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