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Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments
Objective numeracy, the ability to understand and use mathematical concepts, has been related to superior decisions and life outcomes. Unknown is whether it relates to greater satisfaction in life. We investigated numeracy’s relations with income satisfaction and overall life satisfaction in a diver...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612560/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34818354 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259331 |
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author | Bjälkebring, Pär Peters, Ellen |
author_facet | Bjälkebring, Pär Peters, Ellen |
author_sort | Bjälkebring, Pär |
collection | PubMed |
description | Objective numeracy, the ability to understand and use mathematical concepts, has been related to superior decisions and life outcomes. Unknown is whether it relates to greater satisfaction in life. We investigated numeracy’s relations with income satisfaction and overall life satisfaction in a diverse sample of 5,525 American adults. First, more numerate individuals had higher incomes; for every one point higher on the eight-item numeracy test, individuals reported $4,062 more in annual income, controlling for education and verbal intelligence. Combined, numeracy, education, and verbal intelligence explained 25% of the variance in income while Big-5 personality traits explained less than 4%. Further, the higher incomes associated with greater numeracy were related to more positive life evaluations (income and life satisfaction). Second, extant research also has indicated that the highly numerate compare numbers more than the less numerate. Consistent with numeracy-related income comparisons, numeracy moderated the relation between income and life evaluations, meaning that the same income was valued differently by those better and worse at math. Specifically, among those with lower incomes, the highly numerate were less satisfied than the less numerate; this effect reversed among those with higher incomes as if the highly numerate were aware of and made comparisons to others’ incomes. Further, no clear income satiation point was seen among those highest in numeracy, and satiation among the least numerate appeared to occur at a point below $50,000. Third, both education and verbal intelligence related to income evaluations in similar ways, and numeracy’s relations held when controlling for these other relations. Although causal claims cannot be made from cross-sectional data, these novel results indicate that numeracy may be an important factor underlying life evaluations and especially for evaluations concerning numbers such as incomes. Finally, this study adds to our understanding of education and intelligence effects in life satisfaction and happiness. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8612560 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86125602021-11-25 Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments Bjälkebring, Pär Peters, Ellen PLoS One Research Article Objective numeracy, the ability to understand and use mathematical concepts, has been related to superior decisions and life outcomes. Unknown is whether it relates to greater satisfaction in life. We investigated numeracy’s relations with income satisfaction and overall life satisfaction in a diverse sample of 5,525 American adults. First, more numerate individuals had higher incomes; for every one point higher on the eight-item numeracy test, individuals reported $4,062 more in annual income, controlling for education and verbal intelligence. Combined, numeracy, education, and verbal intelligence explained 25% of the variance in income while Big-5 personality traits explained less than 4%. Further, the higher incomes associated with greater numeracy were related to more positive life evaluations (income and life satisfaction). Second, extant research also has indicated that the highly numerate compare numbers more than the less numerate. Consistent with numeracy-related income comparisons, numeracy moderated the relation between income and life evaluations, meaning that the same income was valued differently by those better and worse at math. Specifically, among those with lower incomes, the highly numerate were less satisfied than the less numerate; this effect reversed among those with higher incomes as if the highly numerate were aware of and made comparisons to others’ incomes. Further, no clear income satiation point was seen among those highest in numeracy, and satiation among the least numerate appeared to occur at a point below $50,000. Third, both education and verbal intelligence related to income evaluations in similar ways, and numeracy’s relations held when controlling for these other relations. Although causal claims cannot be made from cross-sectional data, these novel results indicate that numeracy may be an important factor underlying life evaluations and especially for evaluations concerning numbers such as incomes. Finally, this study adds to our understanding of education and intelligence effects in life satisfaction and happiness. Public Library of Science 2021-11-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8612560/ /pubmed/34818354 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259331 Text en © 2021 Bjälkebring, Peters https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Bjälkebring, Pär Peters, Ellen Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
title | Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
title_full | Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
title_fullStr | Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
title_full_unstemmed | Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
title_short | Money matters (especially if you are good at math): Numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
title_sort | money matters (especially if you are good at math): numeracy, verbal intelligence, education, and income in satisfaction judgments |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612560/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34818354 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259331 |
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