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Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study
OBJECTIVE: Individuals experienced psychological symptoms in response to quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of age and gender on the evolution of mental health status after the quarantine in the Italian population and the baseline predictors...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer International Publishing
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612768/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34820746 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05768-0 |
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author | Maggi, Gianpaolo Baldassarre, Ivana Barbaro, Andrea Cavallo, Nicola Davide Cropano, Maria Nappo, Raffaele Santangelo, Gabriella |
author_facet | Maggi, Gianpaolo Baldassarre, Ivana Barbaro, Andrea Cavallo, Nicola Davide Cropano, Maria Nappo, Raffaele Santangelo, Gabriella |
author_sort | Maggi, Gianpaolo |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: Individuals experienced psychological symptoms in response to quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of age and gender on the evolution of mental health status after the quarantine in the Italian population and the baseline predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms. METHODS: An online follow-up questionnaire including an assessment of depression, anxiety, anger, post-traumatic stress, subjective cognitive failures, resilience, and coping style was completed by participants 2 months after the end of the quarantine (n = 758). RESULTS: Individuals experienced psychological symptoms also 2 months after the end of the quarantine. No decrease in depression and anxiety scores emerged, but younger individuals and females experienced more severe symptoms. Anger symptoms decreased in young adults, whereas they increased in older adults. Moreover, individuals reported more cognitive failures at follow-up. No changes were observed in resilience, whereas participants reported adopting fewer coping strategies at follow-up. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms 2 months after the end of the lockdown were associated with more severe psychological symptoms and more fear of getting infected at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that the long-term psychological impact and the cognitive consequences of quarantine differ according to age and gender. The identification of more vulnerable groups allows the implementation of interventions to reduce psychological symptoms and the risk for cognitive impairment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05768-0. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8612768 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Springer International Publishing |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86127682021-11-26 Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study Maggi, Gianpaolo Baldassarre, Ivana Barbaro, Andrea Cavallo, Nicola Davide Cropano, Maria Nappo, Raffaele Santangelo, Gabriella Neurol Sci Covid-19 OBJECTIVE: Individuals experienced psychological symptoms in response to quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible effect of age and gender on the evolution of mental health status after the quarantine in the Italian population and the baseline predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms. METHODS: An online follow-up questionnaire including an assessment of depression, anxiety, anger, post-traumatic stress, subjective cognitive failures, resilience, and coping style was completed by participants 2 months after the end of the quarantine (n = 758). RESULTS: Individuals experienced psychological symptoms also 2 months after the end of the quarantine. No decrease in depression and anxiety scores emerged, but younger individuals and females experienced more severe symptoms. Anger symptoms decreased in young adults, whereas they increased in older adults. Moreover, individuals reported more cognitive failures at follow-up. No changes were observed in resilience, whereas participants reported adopting fewer coping strategies at follow-up. Finally, post-traumatic stress symptoms 2 months after the end of the lockdown were associated with more severe psychological symptoms and more fear of getting infected at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that the long-term psychological impact and the cognitive consequences of quarantine differ according to age and gender. The identification of more vulnerable groups allows the implementation of interventions to reduce psychological symptoms and the risk for cognitive impairment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05768-0. Springer International Publishing 2021-11-25 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC8612768/ /pubmed/34820746 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05768-0 Text en © Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia 2021 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Covid-19 Maggi, Gianpaolo Baldassarre, Ivana Barbaro, Andrea Cavallo, Nicola Davide Cropano, Maria Nappo, Raffaele Santangelo, Gabriella Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
title | Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
title_full | Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
title_fullStr | Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
title_full_unstemmed | Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
title_short | Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
title_sort | age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the covid-19 outbreak: a follow-up study |
topic | Covid-19 |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612768/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34820746 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05768-0 |
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