Disseminated lymph node tuberculosis after splenectomy: an unusual case report in an adolescent

BACKGROUND: Splenectomized patients are at an increased risk for overwhelming post-splenectomy infections typically with encapsulated bacteria. The clinical association between splenectomy and lymph-node tuberculosis is unclear. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a rare case of disseminated tuberculous lymphadenitis in an 18-year-old woman with history of splenectomy because of hereditary sherocytosis. She was admitted with enlargement of bilateral-cervical and left-axillary lymph nodes and fever. A diagnosis of probable tuberculosis was made based on the findings of fine-needle aspiration. Histology showed granulomas and extensive caseous necrosis, with the site of puncture located at an enlarged lymph node on the right side. The diagnosis was confirmed via nucleic-acid amplification tests following excisional biopsy of the left axillary lymph node. Disseminated tuberculous lymphadenitis was localized in the bilateral neck, right lung hilum, left sub-axillary region, and mediastinum, as detected from contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the neck. CONCLUSIONS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection should be considered in children and adolescents with extensive enlargement of lymph nodes after splenectomy.