Omics Strategies in Current Advancements of Infectious Fish Disease Management

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The increasing demand for fish products has caused disease-related problems due to intense fish practices in fish farms. The fish diseases infection caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites could lead to high fish mortality that affected the aquaculture industry. Recently, a systematic strategy to overcome fish disease problems using multi-omics platforms has been used to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of fish to pathogen infection. In this review, we highlight the current multi-omics strategies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to provide information regarding their molecular mechanisms of action, subsequently important in discovering potential biomarkers for various infectious fish diseases in the aquaculture system. ABSTRACT: Aquaculture is an important industry globally as it remains one of the significant alternatives of animal protein source supplies for humankind. Yet, the progression of this industry is being dampened by the increasing rate of fish mortality, mainly the outbreak of infectious diseases. Consequently, the regress in aquaculture ultimately results in the economy of multiple countries being affected due to the decline of product yields and marketability. By 2025, aquaculture is expected to contribute approximately 57% of fish consumption worldwide. Without a strategic approach to curb infectious diseases, the increasing demands of the aquaculture industry may not be sustainable and hence contributing to the over-fishing of wild fish. Recently, a new holistic approach that utilizes multi-omics platforms including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction. This approach aims to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of host species. However, no comprehensive review has been published on multi-omics strategies in deciphering fish disease etiology and molecular regulation. Most publications have only covered particular omics and no constructive reviews on various omics findings across fish species, particularly on their immune systems, have been described elsewhere. Our previous publication reviewed the integration of omics application for understanding the mechanism of fish immune response due to microbial infection. Hence, this review provides a thorough compilation of current advancements in omics strategies for fish disease management in the aquaculture industry. The discovery of biomarkers in various fish diseases and their potential advancement to complement the recent progress in combatting fish disease is also discussed in this review.