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Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases
Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. This pathway is tightly regulated at...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615162/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111785 |
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author | Hernández-Camacho, Juan Diego García-Corzo, Laura Fernández-Ayala, Daniel José Moreno Navas, Plácido López-Lluch, Guillermo |
author_facet | Hernández-Camacho, Juan Diego García-Corzo, Laura Fernández-Ayala, Daniel José Moreno Navas, Plácido López-Lluch, Guillermo |
author_sort | Hernández-Camacho, Juan Diego |
collection | PubMed |
description | Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. This pathway is tightly regulated at transcription and translation, but also by environment and energy requirements. Here, we review how coenzyme Q reacts within mitochondria to promote ATP synthesis and also integrates a plethora of metabolic pathways and regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q is also located in all cellular membranes and plasma lipoproteins in which it exerts antioxidant function, and its reaction with different extramitochondrial oxidoreductases contributes to regulate the cellular redox homeostasis and cytosolic oxidative stress, providing a key factor in controlling various apoptosis mechanisms. Coenzyme Q levels can be decreased in humans by defects in the biosynthesis pathway or by mitochondrial or cytosolic dysfunctions, leading to a highly heterogeneous group of mitochondrial diseases included in the coenzyme Q deficiency syndrome. We also review the importance of coenzyme Q levels and its reactions involved in aging and age-associated metabolic disorders, and how the strategy of its supplementation has had benefits for combating these diseases and for physical performance in aging. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8615162 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86151622021-11-26 Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases Hernández-Camacho, Juan Diego García-Corzo, Laura Fernández-Ayala, Daniel José Moreno Navas, Plácido López-Lluch, Guillermo Antioxidants (Basel) Review Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. This pathway is tightly regulated at transcription and translation, but also by environment and energy requirements. Here, we review how coenzyme Q reacts within mitochondria to promote ATP synthesis and also integrates a plethora of metabolic pathways and regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q is also located in all cellular membranes and plasma lipoproteins in which it exerts antioxidant function, and its reaction with different extramitochondrial oxidoreductases contributes to regulate the cellular redox homeostasis and cytosolic oxidative stress, providing a key factor in controlling various apoptosis mechanisms. Coenzyme Q levels can be decreased in humans by defects in the biosynthesis pathway or by mitochondrial or cytosolic dysfunctions, leading to a highly heterogeneous group of mitochondrial diseases included in the coenzyme Q deficiency syndrome. We also review the importance of coenzyme Q levels and its reactions involved in aging and age-associated metabolic disorders, and how the strategy of its supplementation has had benefits for combating these diseases and for physical performance in aging. MDPI 2021-11-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8615162/ /pubmed/34829656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111785 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Hernández-Camacho, Juan Diego García-Corzo, Laura Fernández-Ayala, Daniel José Moreno Navas, Plácido López-Lluch, Guillermo Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases |
title | Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases |
title_full | Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases |
title_fullStr | Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases |
title_full_unstemmed | Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases |
title_short | Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases |
title_sort | coenzyme q at the hinge of health and metabolic diseases |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615162/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829656 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111785 |
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