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Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents
Huge quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction m...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615239/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829674 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111802 |
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author | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Afzan, Adlin Shaari, Khozirah |
author_facet | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Afzan, Adlin Shaari, Khozirah |
author_sort | Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli |
collection | PubMed |
description | Huge quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction method employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasonic assisted extraction was developed. Various NaDES composed of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and 1,2 propanediol (PD), 1,4 butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL), and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were synthesized. The influence of these compositions, the methods of their synthesis, molar ratios, and water contents on their capacity to extract flavonoids from OPL was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that methods which incorporate a heating step produced NaDES with the best capacity to extract OPL flavonoids. These thermal methods combined with molar ratios of 1:3 or 1:4 and water contents of 17 to 50% were found to be the optimal conditions for preparing NaDES, specifically when applied to the PD, BD, and GLY NaDES. Subsequently, UHPLC-UV/PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed NaDES extracts recovered by macroporous adsorption resin XAD7HP were able to optimally extract at least twelve luteolin and apigenin derivatives in OPL NaDES extracts prepared from glycerol and 1,4-butanediol demonstrated better and comparable efficiency as aqueous methanol in extracting flavonoids from OPL. The in vitro studies of antioxidant and wound healing properties supported these findings by exhibiting good free radical scavenging, cell proliferation, and migration activities. Additionally, the NaDES extracts also showed non-cytotoxicity effects at 1000 µg/mL and below on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Results of the study showed that NaDES could be a promising eco-friendly green solvent to extract bioactive OPL flavonoids that have great potential for applications as wound healing agents. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8615239 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86152392021-11-26 Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Afzan, Adlin Shaari, Khozirah Antioxidants (Basel) Article Huge quantities of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves (OPL) are generated as agricultural biomass from oil palm plantations. OPL are known to contain significant amounts of flavonoids. For maximal exploitation of these valuable antioxidant compounds, an innovative and sustainable extraction method employing natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) combined with ultrasonic assisted extraction was developed. Various NaDES composed of choline chloride as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and 1,2 propanediol (PD), 1,4 butanediol (BD), glycerol (GLY), glucose (GLU), maltose (MAL), and lactic acid (LA) as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were synthesized. The influence of these compositions, the methods of their synthesis, molar ratios, and water contents on their capacity to extract flavonoids from OPL was evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that methods which incorporate a heating step produced NaDES with the best capacity to extract OPL flavonoids. These thermal methods combined with molar ratios of 1:3 or 1:4 and water contents of 17 to 50% were found to be the optimal conditions for preparing NaDES, specifically when applied to the PD, BD, and GLY NaDES. Subsequently, UHPLC-UV/PDA-MS/MS analysis revealed NaDES extracts recovered by macroporous adsorption resin XAD7HP were able to optimally extract at least twelve luteolin and apigenin derivatives in OPL NaDES extracts prepared from glycerol and 1,4-butanediol demonstrated better and comparable efficiency as aqueous methanol in extracting flavonoids from OPL. The in vitro studies of antioxidant and wound healing properties supported these findings by exhibiting good free radical scavenging, cell proliferation, and migration activities. Additionally, the NaDES extracts also showed non-cytotoxicity effects at 1000 µg/mL and below on 3T3 fibroblast cells. Results of the study showed that NaDES could be a promising eco-friendly green solvent to extract bioactive OPL flavonoids that have great potential for applications as wound healing agents. MDPI 2021-11-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8615239/ /pubmed/34829674 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111802 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Che Zain, Mohamad Shazeli Yeoh, Jen Xen Lee, Soo Yee Afzan, Adlin Shaari, Khozirah Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents |
title | Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents |
title_full | Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents |
title_fullStr | Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents |
title_full_unstemmed | Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents |
title_short | Integration of Choline Chloride-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Macroporous Resin for Green Production of Enriched Oil Palm Flavonoids as Natural Wound Healing Agents |
title_sort | integration of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents and macroporous resin for green production of enriched oil palm flavonoids as natural wound healing agents |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615239/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829674 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111802 |
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