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Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and P...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615546/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829877 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111648 |
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author | Lattanzi, Roberta Miele, Rossella |
author_facet | Lattanzi, Roberta Miele, Rossella |
author_sort | Lattanzi, Roberta |
collection | PubMed |
description | Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction. PKR2 is mainly overexpressed in neurons, whereas PKR1 and PK2 are mainly overexpressed in astrocytes. Once PK2 is released in inflamed tissue, it is involved in both innate and adaptive responses: it triggers macrophage recruitment, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it modulates the function of T cells through the activation of PKR1 and directs them towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Since the prokineticin system appears to be upregulated following a series of pathological insults leading to neuroinflammation, we will focus here on the involvement of PK2 and PKRs in those pathologies that have a strong underlying inflammatory component, such as: inflammatory and neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal inflammation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8615546 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86155462021-11-26 Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation Lattanzi, Roberta Miele, Rossella Biomedicines Review Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction. PKR2 is mainly overexpressed in neurons, whereas PKR1 and PK2 are mainly overexpressed in astrocytes. Once PK2 is released in inflamed tissue, it is involved in both innate and adaptive responses: it triggers macrophage recruitment, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it modulates the function of T cells through the activation of PKR1 and directs them towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Since the prokineticin system appears to be upregulated following a series of pathological insults leading to neuroinflammation, we will focus here on the involvement of PK2 and PKRs in those pathologies that have a strong underlying inflammatory component, such as: inflammatory and neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal inflammation. MDPI 2021-11-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8615546/ /pubmed/34829877 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111648 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Lattanzi, Roberta Miele, Rossella Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation |
title | Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation |
title_full | Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation |
title_fullStr | Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation |
title_full_unstemmed | Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation |
title_short | Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation |
title_sort | versatile role of prokineticins and prokineticin receptors in neuroinflammation |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615546/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829877 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111648 |
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