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Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep have been widely documented, but longitudinal evaluations during different phases of the “COVID-19 era” are needed to disentangle the specific consequences of the r145estrictive measures on sleep variables. The aim of this study was to assess the immedia...

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Autores principales: Gorgoni, Maurizio, Scarpelli, Serena, Mangiaruga, Anastasia, Alfonsi, Valentina, Bonsignore, Maria R., Fanfulla, Francesco, Ferini-Strambi, Luigi, Nobili, Lino, Plazzi, Giuseppe, De Gennaro, Luigi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615786/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34827519
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111520
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author Gorgoni, Maurizio
Scarpelli, Serena
Mangiaruga, Anastasia
Alfonsi, Valentina
Bonsignore, Maria R.
Fanfulla, Francesco
Ferini-Strambi, Luigi
Nobili, Lino
Plazzi, Giuseppe
De Gennaro, Luigi
author_facet Gorgoni, Maurizio
Scarpelli, Serena
Mangiaruga, Anastasia
Alfonsi, Valentina
Bonsignore, Maria R.
Fanfulla, Francesco
Ferini-Strambi, Luigi
Nobili, Lino
Plazzi, Giuseppe
De Gennaro, Luigi
author_sort Gorgoni, Maurizio
collection PubMed
description The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep have been widely documented, but longitudinal evaluations during different phases of the “COVID-19 era” are needed to disentangle the specific consequences of the r145estrictive measures on sleep variables. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate effect of the lockdown’s end on sleep and sleep-related dimensions in an Italian sample, also considering the stress and depressive symptoms. We used an online survey to longitudinally collect data on sociodemographic, environmental, clinical, sleep, and sleep-related variables in two time points: during and immediately after the lockdown. The final sample included 102 participants. The large prevalence of poor sleep quality, clinically relevant pre-sleep arousal, and depressive symptoms, as well as poor sleep quality and pre-sleep arousal score observed during the lockdown, remained stable after its end. On the other hand, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe event-related stress and intrusive symptom scores exhibited a drastic reduction after the end of home confinement. Both bedtime and rise time were anticipated after the lockdown, while sleep quality exhibited only a trend of post-lockdown sleep disturbance reduction. Our findings point to a reduced stress level (specific for the intrusive symptomatology) after the end of the lockdown and persistence of sleep problems, suggesting two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (a) the strict restrictive measures are not the main cause of sleep problems during the pandemic and (b) home confinement induces long-lasting effects on sleep observable after its end, and a longer period of time might be needed to observe an improvement.
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spelling pubmed-86157862021-11-26 Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study Gorgoni, Maurizio Scarpelli, Serena Mangiaruga, Anastasia Alfonsi, Valentina Bonsignore, Maria R. Fanfulla, Francesco Ferini-Strambi, Luigi Nobili, Lino Plazzi, Giuseppe De Gennaro, Luigi Brain Sci Article The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep have been widely documented, but longitudinal evaluations during different phases of the “COVID-19 era” are needed to disentangle the specific consequences of the r145estrictive measures on sleep variables. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate effect of the lockdown’s end on sleep and sleep-related dimensions in an Italian sample, also considering the stress and depressive symptoms. We used an online survey to longitudinally collect data on sociodemographic, environmental, clinical, sleep, and sleep-related variables in two time points: during and immediately after the lockdown. The final sample included 102 participants. The large prevalence of poor sleep quality, clinically relevant pre-sleep arousal, and depressive symptoms, as well as poor sleep quality and pre-sleep arousal score observed during the lockdown, remained stable after its end. On the other hand, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe event-related stress and intrusive symptom scores exhibited a drastic reduction after the end of home confinement. Both bedtime and rise time were anticipated after the lockdown, while sleep quality exhibited only a trend of post-lockdown sleep disturbance reduction. Our findings point to a reduced stress level (specific for the intrusive symptomatology) after the end of the lockdown and persistence of sleep problems, suggesting two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (a) the strict restrictive measures are not the main cause of sleep problems during the pandemic and (b) home confinement induces long-lasting effects on sleep observable after its end, and a longer period of time might be needed to observe an improvement. MDPI 2021-11-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8615786/ /pubmed/34827519 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111520 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Gorgoni, Maurizio
Scarpelli, Serena
Mangiaruga, Anastasia
Alfonsi, Valentina
Bonsignore, Maria R.
Fanfulla, Francesco
Ferini-Strambi, Luigi
Nobili, Lino
Plazzi, Giuseppe
De Gennaro, Luigi
Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study
title Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study
title_full Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study
title_fullStr Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study
title_full_unstemmed Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study
title_short Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study
title_sort persistence of the effects of the covid-19 lockdown on sleep: a longitudinal study
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615786/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34827519
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111520
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