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TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders
A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615980/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34827372 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111373 |
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author | Adhikarla, Shashank Vishwanath Jha, Niraj Kumar Goswami, Vineet Kumar Sharma, Ankur Bhardwaj, Anuradha Dey, Abhijit Villa, Chiara Kumar, Yatender Jha, Saurabh Kumar |
author_facet | Adhikarla, Shashank Vishwanath Jha, Niraj Kumar Goswami, Vineet Kumar Sharma, Ankur Bhardwaj, Anuradha Dey, Abhijit Villa, Chiara Kumar, Yatender Jha, Saurabh Kumar |
author_sort | Adhikarla, Shashank Vishwanath |
collection | PubMed |
description | A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain’s “immune privilege” owing to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8615980 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86159802021-11-26 TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders Adhikarla, Shashank Vishwanath Jha, Niraj Kumar Goswami, Vineet Kumar Sharma, Ankur Bhardwaj, Anuradha Dey, Abhijit Villa, Chiara Kumar, Yatender Jha, Saurabh Kumar Brain Sci Review A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain’s “immune privilege” owing to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model. MDPI 2021-10-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8615980/ /pubmed/34827372 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111373 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Adhikarla, Shashank Vishwanath Jha, Niraj Kumar Goswami, Vineet Kumar Sharma, Ankur Bhardwaj, Anuradha Dey, Abhijit Villa, Chiara Kumar, Yatender Jha, Saurabh Kumar TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders |
title | TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders |
title_full | TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders |
title_fullStr | TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders |
title_full_unstemmed | TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders |
title_short | TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders |
title_sort | tlr-mediated signal transduction and neurodegenerative disorders |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615980/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34827372 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111373 |
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