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Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often severely affected, l...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8616543/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34831240 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113017 |
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author | Mueller, Anna-Lena Payandeh, Zahra Mohammadkhani, Niloufar Mubarak, Shaden M. H. Zakeri, Alireza Alagheband Bahrami, Armina Brockmueller, Aranka Shakibaei, Mehdi |
author_facet | Mueller, Anna-Lena Payandeh, Zahra Mohammadkhani, Niloufar Mubarak, Shaden M. H. Zakeri, Alireza Alagheband Bahrami, Armina Brockmueller, Aranka Shakibaei, Mehdi |
author_sort | Mueller, Anna-Lena |
collection | PubMed |
description | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often severely affected, leading to local inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. To prevent joint damage and physical disability as one of many symptoms of RA, early diagnosis is critical. Auto-antibodies play a pivotal clinical role in patients with systemic RA. As biomarkers, they could help to make a more efficient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision. Besides auto-antibodies, several other factors are involved in the progression of RA, such as epigenetic alterations, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, autophagy, and T-cells. Understanding the interplay between these factors would contribute to a deeper insight into the causes, mechanisms, progression, and treatment of the disease. In this review, the latest RA research findings are discussed to better understand the pathogenesis, and finally, treatment strategies for RA therapy are presented, including both conventional approaches and new methods that have been developed in recent years or are currently under investigation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8616543 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86165432021-11-26 Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies Mueller, Anna-Lena Payandeh, Zahra Mohammadkhani, Niloufar Mubarak, Shaden M. H. Zakeri, Alireza Alagheband Bahrami, Armina Brockmueller, Aranka Shakibaei, Mehdi Cells Review Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often severely affected, leading to local inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. To prevent joint damage and physical disability as one of many symptoms of RA, early diagnosis is critical. Auto-antibodies play a pivotal clinical role in patients with systemic RA. As biomarkers, they could help to make a more efficient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision. Besides auto-antibodies, several other factors are involved in the progression of RA, such as epigenetic alterations, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, autophagy, and T-cells. Understanding the interplay between these factors would contribute to a deeper insight into the causes, mechanisms, progression, and treatment of the disease. In this review, the latest RA research findings are discussed to better understand the pathogenesis, and finally, treatment strategies for RA therapy are presented, including both conventional approaches and new methods that have been developed in recent years or are currently under investigation. MDPI 2021-11-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8616543/ /pubmed/34831240 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113017 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Mueller, Anna-Lena Payandeh, Zahra Mohammadkhani, Niloufar Mubarak, Shaden M. H. Zakeri, Alireza Alagheband Bahrami, Armina Brockmueller, Aranka Shakibaei, Mehdi Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies |
title | Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies |
title_full | Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies |
title_fullStr | Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies |
title_full_unstemmed | Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies |
title_short | Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies |
title_sort | recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: new treatment strategies |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8616543/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34831240 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113017 |
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