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Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers

The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established,...

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Autores principales: Dunton, Alicia D., Göpel, Torben, Ho, Dao H., Burggren, Warren
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8618301/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829989
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212111
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author Dunton, Alicia D.
Göpel, Torben
Ho, Dao H.
Burggren, Warren
author_facet Dunton, Alicia D.
Göpel, Torben
Ho, Dao H.
Burggren, Warren
author_sort Dunton, Alicia D.
collection PubMed
description The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited ‘scala naturae’ approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
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spelling pubmed-86183012021-11-27 Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers Dunton, Alicia D. Göpel, Torben Ho, Dao H. Burggren, Warren Int J Mol Sci Review The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited ‘scala naturae’ approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research. MDPI 2021-11-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8618301/ /pubmed/34829989 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212111 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Dunton, Alicia D.
Göpel, Torben
Ho, Dao H.
Burggren, Warren
Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers
title Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers
title_full Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers
title_fullStr Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers
title_full_unstemmed Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers
title_short Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers
title_sort form and function of the vertebrate and invertebrate blood-brain barriers
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8618301/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34829989
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212111
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