Cargando…
Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives
The apicomplexan zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii has three infective stages: sporozoites in sporulated oocysts, which are shed in unsporulated form into the environment by infected felids; tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, and fast replicating tachyzoites that are responsible for acute toxopl...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8618849/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835471 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112346 |
_version_ | 1784604846916108288 |
---|---|
author | Álvarez García, Gema Davidson, Rebecca Jokelainen, Pikka Klevar, Siv Spano, Furio Seeber, Frank |
author_facet | Álvarez García, Gema Davidson, Rebecca Jokelainen, Pikka Klevar, Siv Spano, Furio Seeber, Frank |
author_sort | Álvarez García, Gema |
collection | PubMed |
description | The apicomplexan zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii has three infective stages: sporozoites in sporulated oocysts, which are shed in unsporulated form into the environment by infected felids; tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, and fast replicating tachyzoites that are responsible for acute toxoplasmosis. The contribution of oocysts to infections in both humans and animals is understudied despite being highly relevant. Only a few diagnostic antigens have been described to be capable of discriminating which parasite stage has caused an infection. Here we provide an extensive overview of the antigens and serological assays used to detect oocyst-driven infections in humans and animals according to the literature. In addition, we critically discuss the possibility to exploit the increasing knowledge of the T. gondii genome and the various ‘omics datasets available, by applying predictive algorithms, for the identification of new oocyst-specific proteins for diagnostic purposes. Finally, we propose a workflow for how such antigens and assays based on them should be evaluated to ensure reproducible and robust results. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8618849 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86188492021-11-27 Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives Álvarez García, Gema Davidson, Rebecca Jokelainen, Pikka Klevar, Siv Spano, Furio Seeber, Frank Microorganisms Review The apicomplexan zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii has three infective stages: sporozoites in sporulated oocysts, which are shed in unsporulated form into the environment by infected felids; tissue cysts containing bradyzoites, and fast replicating tachyzoites that are responsible for acute toxoplasmosis. The contribution of oocysts to infections in both humans and animals is understudied despite being highly relevant. Only a few diagnostic antigens have been described to be capable of discriminating which parasite stage has caused an infection. Here we provide an extensive overview of the antigens and serological assays used to detect oocyst-driven infections in humans and animals according to the literature. In addition, we critically discuss the possibility to exploit the increasing knowledge of the T. gondii genome and the various ‘omics datasets available, by applying predictive algorithms, for the identification of new oocyst-specific proteins for diagnostic purposes. Finally, we propose a workflow for how such antigens and assays based on them should be evaluated to ensure reproducible and robust results. MDPI 2021-11-13 /pmc/articles/PMC8618849/ /pubmed/34835471 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112346 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Álvarez García, Gema Davidson, Rebecca Jokelainen, Pikka Klevar, Siv Spano, Furio Seeber, Frank Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives |
title | Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives |
title_full | Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives |
title_fullStr | Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives |
title_full_unstemmed | Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives |
title_short | Identification of Oocyst-Driven Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Humans and Animals through Stage-Specific Serology—Current Status and Future Perspectives |
title_sort | identification of oocyst-driven toxoplasma gondii infections in humans and animals through stage-specific serology—current status and future perspectives |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8618849/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835471 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112346 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT alvarezgarciagema identificationofoocystdriventoxoplasmagondiiinfectionsinhumansandanimalsthroughstagespecificserologycurrentstatusandfutureperspectives AT davidsonrebecca identificationofoocystdriventoxoplasmagondiiinfectionsinhumansandanimalsthroughstagespecificserologycurrentstatusandfutureperspectives AT jokelainenpikka identificationofoocystdriventoxoplasmagondiiinfectionsinhumansandanimalsthroughstagespecificserologycurrentstatusandfutureperspectives AT klevarsiv identificationofoocystdriventoxoplasmagondiiinfectionsinhumansandanimalsthroughstagespecificserologycurrentstatusandfutureperspectives AT spanofurio identificationofoocystdriventoxoplasmagondiiinfectionsinhumansandanimalsthroughstagespecificserologycurrentstatusandfutureperspectives AT seeberfrank identificationofoocystdriventoxoplasmagondiiinfectionsinhumansandanimalsthroughstagespecificserologycurrentstatusandfutureperspectives |