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Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways

Air pollution is a major environmental and public health problem worldwide. A nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the most abundant air pollutant in diesel engine exhaust, 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), is caused by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous organic substances. Macrophages are effector...

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Autores principales: Tsai, Ping-Kun, Chen, Shih-Pin, Huang-Liu, Rosa, Chen, Chun-Jung, Chen, Wen-Ying, Ng, Yan-Yan, Kuan, Yu-Hsiang
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8620634/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34822668
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110276
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author Tsai, Ping-Kun
Chen, Shih-Pin
Huang-Liu, Rosa
Chen, Chun-Jung
Chen, Wen-Ying
Ng, Yan-Yan
Kuan, Yu-Hsiang
author_facet Tsai, Ping-Kun
Chen, Shih-Pin
Huang-Liu, Rosa
Chen, Chun-Jung
Chen, Wen-Ying
Ng, Yan-Yan
Kuan, Yu-Hsiang
author_sort Tsai, Ping-Kun
collection PubMed
description Air pollution is a major environmental and public health problem worldwide. A nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the most abundant air pollutant in diesel engine exhaust, 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), is caused by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous organic substances. Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune cells that provide resistance in the peripheral tissue. The overactivation of macrophages results in inflammation. The generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha, is induced by 1-NP in a concentration-dependent manner in macrophages. In this study, the production of proinflammatory mediators, such as nitrogen oxide and prostaglandin E2, was induced by 1-NP in a concentration-dependent manner through the expression of iNOS and COX2. The generation of proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS, and COX2 was induced by 1-NP through nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 phosphorylation and the degradation of its upstream factor, IκB. Finally, Akt phosphorylation was induced by 1-NP in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that 1-NP exhibits a proinflammatory response through the NF-κB pathway activation due to Akt phosphorylation.
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spelling pubmed-86206342021-11-27 Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways Tsai, Ping-Kun Chen, Shih-Pin Huang-Liu, Rosa Chen, Chun-Jung Chen, Wen-Ying Ng, Yan-Yan Kuan, Yu-Hsiang Toxics Article Air pollution is a major environmental and public health problem worldwide. A nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the most abundant air pollutant in diesel engine exhaust, 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), is caused by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous organic substances. Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune cells that provide resistance in the peripheral tissue. The overactivation of macrophages results in inflammation. The generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha, is induced by 1-NP in a concentration-dependent manner in macrophages. In this study, the production of proinflammatory mediators, such as nitrogen oxide and prostaglandin E2, was induced by 1-NP in a concentration-dependent manner through the expression of iNOS and COX2. The generation of proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS, and COX2 was induced by 1-NP through nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 phosphorylation and the degradation of its upstream factor, IκB. Finally, Akt phosphorylation was induced by 1-NP in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that 1-NP exhibits a proinflammatory response through the NF-κB pathway activation due to Akt phosphorylation. MDPI 2021-10-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8620634/ /pubmed/34822668 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110276 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Tsai, Ping-Kun
Chen, Shih-Pin
Huang-Liu, Rosa
Chen, Chun-Jung
Chen, Wen-Ying
Ng, Yan-Yan
Kuan, Yu-Hsiang
Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways
title Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways
title_full Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways
title_fullStr Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways
title_full_unstemmed Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways
title_short Proinflammatory Responses of 1-Nitropyrene against RAW264.7 Macrophages through Akt Phosphorylation and NF-κB Pathways
title_sort proinflammatory responses of 1-nitropyrene against raw264.7 macrophages through akt phosphorylation and nf-κb pathways
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8620634/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34822668
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110276
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