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The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections

Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The Xenopus laevis frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are...

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Autores principales: Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque, Yaparla, Amulya, Hauser, Kelsey A., Moore, Tyler E., Grayfer, Leon
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8621048/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112299
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author Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque
Yaparla, Amulya
Hauser, Kelsey A.
Moore, Tyler E.
Grayfer, Leon
author_facet Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque
Yaparla, Amulya
Hauser, Kelsey A.
Moore, Tyler E.
Grayfer, Leon
author_sort Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque
collection PubMed
description Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The Xenopus laevis frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are integrally involved during FV3 infection, as they facilitate viral dissemination and persistence but also participate in immune defense against this pathogen. In turn, MΦ differentiation and functionality depend on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by CSF-1 and iterleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Our past work indicated that X. laevis CSF-1 and IL-34 give rise to morphologically and functionally distinct frog MΦ subsets, and that these CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs respectively confer susceptibility and antiviral resistance to FV3. Because FV3 targets the frog kidneys and establishes chronic infections therein, presently we examined the roles of the frog CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs in seeding and maintaining these chronic kidney infections. Our findings indicate that the frog CSF-1-MΦs result in more prominent kidney FV3 infections, which develop into greater reservoirs of lingering FV3 marked by infiltrating leukocytes, fibrosis, and overall immunosuppressive states. Moreover, the antiviral effects of IL-34-MΦs are short-lived and are lost as FV3 infections progress.
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spelling pubmed-86210482021-11-27 The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque Yaparla, Amulya Hauser, Kelsey A. Moore, Tyler E. Grayfer, Leon Viruses Article Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The Xenopus laevis frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are integrally involved during FV3 infection, as they facilitate viral dissemination and persistence but also participate in immune defense against this pathogen. In turn, MΦ differentiation and functionality depend on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by CSF-1 and iterleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Our past work indicated that X. laevis CSF-1 and IL-34 give rise to morphologically and functionally distinct frog MΦ subsets, and that these CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs respectively confer susceptibility and antiviral resistance to FV3. Because FV3 targets the frog kidneys and establishes chronic infections therein, presently we examined the roles of the frog CSF-1- and IL-34-MΦs in seeding and maintaining these chronic kidney infections. Our findings indicate that the frog CSF-1-MΦs result in more prominent kidney FV3 infections, which develop into greater reservoirs of lingering FV3 marked by infiltrating leukocytes, fibrosis, and overall immunosuppressive states. Moreover, the antiviral effects of IL-34-MΦs are short-lived and are lost as FV3 infections progress. MDPI 2021-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8621048/ /pubmed/34835105 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112299 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Hossainey, Muhammad Riadul Haque
Yaparla, Amulya
Hauser, Kelsey A.
Moore, Tyler E.
Grayfer, Leon
The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_full The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_fullStr The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_full_unstemmed The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_short The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
title_sort roles of amphibian (xenopus laevis) macrophages during chronic frog virus 3 infections
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8621048/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112299
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